^Chvála, M. (1981). "Empididae (Insecta: Diptera) from Southern Spain, with descriptions of twenty new species and notes on Spanish fauna". Steenstrupia. 7 (6): 113–177.
^ abCollin, J.E. (1961). British Flies VI: Empididae Part 2: Hybotinae, Empidinae (except Hilara). Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. p. 329.