Emanation of the state

Emanation of the state is a term used in European law to describe any body which provides a public service under the control of government. The term was defined by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in 1990, in the case of Foster, A and others v. British Gas plc.[1][2] The ECJ's ruling defines the term as:

A body, whatever its legal form, which has been made responsible, pursuant to a measure adopted by the state, for providing a public service under the control of the state and has for that purpose special powers beyond that which result from the normal rules applicable in relations between individuals.

The term is most obviously used to describe public sector employers, such as the police, fire service, local government bodies or schools.

Foster, A and others v. British Gas plc

This case was referred to the ECJ by the House of Lords in 1990. The issue to be decided was whether employees of a nationalised industry (in this case British Gas plc) could rely upon the Equal Treatment Directive when making claims in the English courts.

British Gas dismissed female employees when they reached 60, the compulsory retirement age for women at the time, but male employees were not required to retire until 65. At the time, the Sex Discrimination Act did not prevent discrimination in retirement age, so the employees' only recourse was to the Equal Treatment Directive.

The court found in favour of the employees. The gist of the finding was that when a state has failed to implement a directive as required, that state should not be allowed to benefit from the failure. Therefore, the provisions of the Equal Treatment Directive (and any other EU directive) can be relied upon against any organisation that is an emanation of the state.

References

  1. ^ Full text: "Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 12 July 1990. A. Foster and others v British Gas plc. Reference for a preliminary ruling: House of Lords - United Kingdom. Social policy - Equal treatment for men and women workers - Direct effect of a directive with regard to a nationalized company. Case C-188/89". Retrieved 28 October 2010.
  2. ^ ""Emanations of the state" at Eurofound". Retrieved 10 November 2010.


Flag of United KingdomJustice icon

This article relating to law in the United Kingdom, or its constituent jurisdictions, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Flag of EuropeJustice icon

This article relating to European Union law is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Read other articles:

Kolek

Sebuah kolek Kolek pengaman. Kolek adalah sejenis perahu kecil, yang sering dibawa atau ditarik oleh kapal yang lebih besar untuk digunakan sebagai perahu layan . [1] Kolek utilitas biasanya berupa perahu dayung atau memiliki motor tempel . Beberapa di antaranya dilengkapi untuk berlayar tetapi berbeda dengan kolek layar, yang dirancang pertama dan terutama untuk berlayar. Kegunaan utama kolek adalah untuk berpindah dari kapal yang lebih besar, terutama bila kapal yang lebih besar tid...

 

ويكيبيديا الهولندية السكسونية السفلى

هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (أبريل 2023) ويكيبيديا هولندية سكسونيا السفلىلقطة شاشةمعلومات عامةموقع الويب nds-nl.wikipedia.org (�...

 

Gustave Lhopiteau

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Lhopiteau. Gustave LhopiteauM. Lhopiteau à Chartres le 31 décembre 1920, hôtel du Grand-Monarque, accompagnant M. Deschanel (détail).FonctionsGarde des Sceaux, ministre de la Justice20 janvier 1920 - 16 janvier 1921Sénateur d'Eure-et-Loir7 janvier 1912 - 13 janvier 1930Président du conseil général d'Eure-et-Loir1907-1920Député françaisPremière circonscription d'Eure-et-Loir20 août 1893 - 30 janvier 1912Noël ParfaitGabriel MaunouryConseiller gé...

Kerbau rawa

Kerbau rawa Kerbau rawa adalah salah satu jenis kerbau asli dari Asia Tenggara. Habitat aslinya di Thailand dan menyebar ke Tiongkok, Filipina, dan beberapa wilayah di Indonesia. Ciri fisiknya adalah pendek, bulat dengan tanduk yang lengkung dan melebar. Kerbau rawa hidup di lumpur, rawa dan air yang menggenang. Masa reproduksinya adalah 2,5 tahun untuk dua kali melahirkan. Daging kerbau rawa merupakan salah satu komoditas peternakan. Habitat Kerbau rawa berasal dari wilayah Asia Tenggara. ...

 

Controlled Demolition, Inc.

American demolition company Controlled Demolition, Inc. (CDI) is a controlled demolition firm headquartered in Phoenix, Maryland. The firm was founded by Jack Loizeaux who used dynamite to remove tree stumps in the Baltimore, Maryland area, and moved on to using explosives to take down chimneys, overpasses and small buildings in the 1940s.[1] The company has demolished several notable buildings by implosion, including the Gettysburg National Tower, the Seattle Kingdome, and the uncoll...

 

Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary

Evangelical-Lutheran Church in HungaryMagyarországi Evangélikus EgyházClassificationProtestantOrientationLutheranPolityEpiscopalRegionHungaryOrigin16th centuryCongregations500Members176,000Official websitewww.evangelikus.hu The Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary (ELCH; Hungarian: Magyarországi Evangélikus Egyház) is a Protestant Lutheran denomination in Hungary. In 2019, there were 176,000 baptized members.[1] The church has three dioceses, with nearly 300 parishes and 500 p...

Западный округ (Краснодар)

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Западный округ. Западный внутригородской округ город Краснодар Дата основания 1936 год Дата упразднения 1994 Прежние имена Кагановичский, Ленинский районы Микрорайоны Дубинка, Черёмушки, Покровка Площадь 22[1]  км² Насе...

 

Arthur Vermeeren

Belgian footballer (born 2005) Arthur Vermeeren Vermeeren with Royal Antwerp in 2023Personal informationFull name Arthur Denis Vermeeren[1]Date of birth (2005-02-07) 7 February 2005 (age 19)[1]Place of birth Lier, BelgiumHeight 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)[2]Position(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team Atlético MadridNumber 18Youth career2018–2022 Royal AntwerpSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2022 Royal Antwerp II 6 (1)2022–2024 Royal Antwerp 47...

 

2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會波蘭代表團

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会波兰代表團波兰国旗IOC編碼POLNOC波蘭奧林匹克委員會網站olimpijski.pl（英文）（波兰文）2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会（東京）2021年7月23日至8月8日（受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟，但仍保留原定名称）運動員206參賽項目24个大项旗手开幕式：帕维尔·科热尼奥夫斯基（游泳）和马娅·沃什乔夫斯卡（自行车）[1]闭幕式：卡罗利娜·纳亚（皮划艇）&#...

2021年南京禄口国际机场2019冠状病毒病聚集性疫情

  关于江苏省的2019冠状病毒病疫情情况，请见「2019冠狀病毒病江蘇省疫情」。 维基百科中的醫學内容仅供参考，並不能視作專業意見。如需獲取醫療幫助或意見，请咨询专业人士。詳見醫學聲明。 在這條目內未有標明年份的日期都代表是2021年。  若非特別註明，本條目所有時間皆為東八區標準時間（UTC+8）。 南京禄口国际机场2019冠状病毒病聚集性疫情南京禄口...

 

Television in Italy

Overview of television in Italy Television in Italy was introduced in 1939, when the first experimental broadcasts began. However, this lasted for a very short time: when fascist Italy entered World War II in 1940, all transmissions were interrupted, and were resumed in earnest only nine years after the end of the war, on January 3, 1954. There are two main national television organisations responsible for most of the viewership: state-owned RAI, accounting for 37% of the total viewing figur...

 

Рим — открытый город

Рим — открытый городитал. Roma, città aperta Жанры драмавоенный Режиссёр Роберто Росселлини Продюсеры Ферруччо Де МартиноДжузеппе АматоРод ГайгерРоберто Росселлини Авторысценария Серджо АмидеиФедерико ФеллиниРоберто Росселлини В главныхролях Альдо ФабрициАнна Манья...

Castello di Arcola

Castello di ArcolaCastelli della Val di MagraIl castello, oggi sede del municipioUbicazioneStatoSignoria degli Obertenghi Stato attuale Italia RegioneLiguria CittàArcola IndirizzoPiazza Muccini Coordinate44°06′51.25″N 9°54′18.72″E44°06′51.25″N, 9°54′18.72″E Informazioni generaliTipocastello-palazzo residenziale CostruzioneXII secolo-1884 Primo proprietarioSignoria degli Obertenghi Condizione attualein buono stato di conservazione Proprietario attualeComune di Arcola ...

 

باتيرسون (نيويورك)

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع باتيرسون (توضيح). باتيرسون     الإحداثيات 41°28′00″N 73°35′00″W / 41.4667°N 73.5833°W / 41.4667; -73.5833   [1] تاريخ التأسيس 1795  تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[2][3]  التقسيم الأعلى نيويورك  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 32.90 ميل مر�...

 

Sutter's Mill meteorite

Meteorite that fell to Earth on 22 April 2012 Sutter's Mill meteorite Fragments of the Sutter's Mill meteorite obtained from Henningsen Lotus Park, Lotus, California.[1]TypeChondriteClassCarbonaceous chondriteGroupCM2CountryUnited StatesRegionCaliforniaCoordinates37°36′N 120°30′W / 37.6°N 120.5°W / 37.6; -120.5 (airburst)[2]38°48’14N, 120°54’29W[3]Observed fallYesFall date22 April 2012Found date24 April 2012TKW952.7 grams[4]...

Ekspedisi Chitral

Ekspedisi ChitralSebuah pertempuran dalam ekspedisi ChitralTanggal1895LokasiChitral, India BritaniaHasil Kemenangan BritaniaPihak terlibat Imperium Britania dan orang Chitral pro-Britania BajourChitralSwatiDiriTokoh dan pemimpin Mayjen Sir Robert Low, K.C.BKolonel James Graves KellyCharles Vere Ferrers Townshend Shuja ul-Mulk dari Chitral Umar Khan dari Bajour Sher Afzul Khan dari ChitralAmir ul-Mulk dari ChitralKekuatan 15.249 (pasukan Low)1.400 (pasukan Benteng & Gilgit) tidak diketahui...

 

2024 United States presidential election in Vermont

Main article: 2024 United States presidential election 2024 United States presidential election in Vermont ← 2020 November 5, 2024 2028 →   Nominee Joe Biden(presumptive) Donald Trump(presumptive) Party Democratic Republican Home state Delaware Florida Running mate Kamala Harris(presumptive) TBA Incumbent President Joe Biden Democratic Elections in Vermont Federal government Presidential elections 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 183...

 

12th Street/Jefferson and 12th Street/Washington stations

Valley Metro Rail station in Phoenix, Arizona 12th Street/Jefferson and 12th Street/WashingtonValley Metro Rail light rail station12th Street/Washington platform in December 2008General informationOther namesEastlake ParkLocation12th Street and Jefferson Street12th Street and Washington Street, Phoenix, ArizonaUnited StatesCoordinates33°26′51.50″N 112°3′23.00″W / 33.4476389°N 112.0563889°W / 33.4476389; -112.0563889Owned byValley MetroOperated byValley Metr...

Cromwell with the Coffin of Charles I

c. 1831 watercolor by Eugène Delacroix Cromwell with the Coffin of Charles I (c. 1831) by Eugène Delacroix Cromwell with the Coffin of Charles I is a partially-varnished c. 1831 watercolour by the French painter Eugène Delacroix, now in the Département des Arts graphiques of the Louvre in Paris. Production The work was painted as a reaction against Paul Delaroche's Cromwell and Charles I  [fr], exhibited at the 1831 Paris Salon, the first to be held after the July Revol...

 

Endless Love (seri televisi Thailand)

Endless LoveThaiEndless Love – รักหมดใจ GenreRomansaDramaPembuatGMMTVBerdasarkanEndless Love(seri televisi Taiwan 2010)SutradaraEkkasit TrakulkasemsukPemeranThanat LowkhunsombatViolette WautierNegara asalThailandBahasa asliThaiJmlh. episode15ProduksiDurasi50 menitRumah produksiGMMTVKeng Kwang KangRilis asliJaringanGMM 25LINE TVRilis11 Agustus (2019-08-11) –17 November 2019 (2019-11-17) Endless Love (bahasa Thai: Endless Love – รักหมดใจ...