Edo machi-bugyō

Edo machi-bugyō (江戸町奉行) were magistrates or municipal administrators with responsibility for governing and maintaining order in the shogunal city of Edo.[1] Machi-bugyō were samurai officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. Appointments to this prominent office were usually hatamoto,[2] this was amongst the senior administrative posts open to those who were not daimyōs.[3] Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner", "overseer" or "governor."

During the Edo period, there were generally two hatamoto serving simultaneously as Edo machi-bugyō.[4] There were two Edo machi-bugyō-sho within the jurisdictional limits of metropolitan Edo; and during the years from 1702 though 1719, there was also a third appointed machi-bugyō.[5]

The Edo machi-bugyō were the central public authorities in this significant urban center. These men were bakufu-appointed officials fulfilling a unique role. They were an amalgam of chief of police, judge, and mayor. The machi-bugyō were expected to manage a full range of administrative and judicial responsibilities.[6]

Each machi-bugyō was involved in tax collection, policing, and firefighting; and at the same time, each played a number of judicial roles—hearing and deciding both ordinary civil cases and criminal cases.[6]

In this period, the machi-bugyō were considered equal in status to the minor daimyōs. At any one time, there were as many as 16 machi-bugyō located throughout Japan,[6] and there were always two in Edo.

Shogunal city

During this period, Edo ranked with the largest urban centers, some of which were designated as a "shogunal city". The number of such cities rose from three to eleven under Tokugawa administration.[7]

In Edo, a special system was devised to mitigate the possibility of municipal corruption. Initially, there were three machi-bugyō and then the number was reduced to one. The number of machi-bugyō was increased to two under Shōgun Iemitsu. Except for one brief period in the early 18th century, this bifurcated administration remained the consistent pattern until the shogunate was abolished in 1868.[8] There were two chief officials with equal powers and responsibilities; and each would alternately take control for one month before relinquishing the office to their counterpart. These two officials were each based in a separate location at some distance from each other. A reorganization of city government which focused greater attention on the two separate locations for these officials dates from 1719.[9] Kodenmachō(小伝馬町)

Reconstruction of the entrance to the Kita-mach-bugyō-sho, an impression of the way it might have appeared

Kita-machi-bugyō

Edo's north magistrate was called the Kita-machi-bugyō (北'町奉行, kita-machi-bugyō), so-called because his official residence was physically to the north of the official location of his counterpart, the minami-machi-bugyō.[10]

Minami-machi-bugyō

Edo's south magistrate was called the Minami-machi-bugyō (南町奉行, minami-machi-bugyō), so called because his official residence was physically to the south of the official location of his counterpart, the kita-machi-bugyō.[10] In 1707, the Tokugawa shogunate established the Minami-machi Bugyō-sho, the office of one of the magistrates of Edo, in this area of modern Yūrakuchō.

Honjo-machi-bugyō

Edo's third magistrate was called the Honjo-machi-bugyō (本所町奉行, honjo-machi-bugyō), who was responsible for the neighborhoods of Honjo and Fukagawa on the east bank of the Sumida River.[10] A third machi-bugyō was deemed necessary in the years between 1702 through 1719.[2]

List of Edo machi-bugyō

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Hall, John Wesley. (1955) Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan, p. 201
  2. ^ a b Cunningham, p. 39.
  3. ^ Beasley, William G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868, p. 325.
  4. ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Edo-machi bugyō" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 168, p. 168, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File.
  5. ^ Cunningham, Don. (2004). Taiho-Jutsu: Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai, p. 39.
  6. ^ a b c Cunningham, Don. (2004). Taiho-Jutsu: Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai, p. 42.
  7. ^ Cullen, William. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds, p. 159.
  8. ^ Brinkley, p. 634.
  9. ^ Murdoch, p. 46.
  10. ^ a b c Yoshino, Jun. "Law Enforcement in the Edo Period", Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine Japan Echo. Vol. 31, No. 3. June 2004.
  11. ^ a b Naito, Akira et al. (2003). Edo: the City that Became Tokyo, p. 26.
  12. ^ Takeuchi, Rizō. Nihonshi shōjiten (A Concise Dictionary of Japanese History). Kadokawa shoten, Tokyo (1985), p.352
  13. ^ a b Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822, p. 243 n113.

References

  • Beasley, William G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868. London: Oxford University Press; reprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-713508-2 (cloth)]
  • Cullen, Louis M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds.] Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82155-X (cloth) -- ISBN 0-521-52918-2 (paper)
  • Cunningham, Don. (2004). Taiho-Jutsu: Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8048-3536-7 (cloth)
  • Hall, John Whitney. (1955). Tanuma Okitsugu, 1719–1788: Forerunner of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. OCLC 445621
  • Jansen, Marius. (1995). Warrior Rule in Japan. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521482394;ISBN 9780521484046; OCLC 31515317
  • Naito, Akira, Kazuo Hozumi, and H. Mack Horto. (2003). Edo: the City that Became Tokyo. Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 4-7700-2757-5
  • Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
  • Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-203-09985-8; OCLC 65177072

Read other articles:

Questa voce sull'argomento geografia degli Stati Uniti d'America è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Stati del Medio AtlanticoIn rosso gli stati ufficialmente ricompresi nella Regione atlantica centrale. Colorati a bande diagonali gli altri stati che a volte vengono considerati in questa Regione Stati New Jersey  New York  Pennsylvania  Delaware  Maryland  Distretto di Columbia  Virginia  Virginia Oc...

 

Una caricatura politica britannica dell'epoca che raffigura la vicenda: gli Stati Uniti (l'America) sono rappresentati dalla donna, che viene borseggiata da cinque francesi. Il gruppetto a destra rappresenta altri paesi europei; John Bull, che impersona la Gran Bretagna, siede ridendo su una collina. L'affare XYZ fu un episodio politico e diplomatico che ebbe luogo tra il 1797 e il 1798, nei primi mesi d'amministrazione della presidenza di John Adams, e coinvolse gli Stati Uniti d'America e l...

 

Stasiun Kereta Quzhou衢州站Stasiun Kereta Quzhou, 4 Januari 2019LokasiKecheng, Kota Quzhou, ZhejiangOperatorBiro Kereta ShanghaiInformasi lainStatusBeroperasiKode stasiun Kode TMIS: 32621[1] Kode Telegraf: QEH Kode Pinyin: QZH KlasifikasiStasiun kelas 2SejarahDibuka1932 dengan nama Stasiun Kereta Api Quxian 6 Januari 2017, renovasi terbaru rampungSunting kotak info • L • BBantuan penggunaan templat ini Stasiun Kereta Quzhou berada di Ruopeng, Kota Quzhou, Zhejiang, Ti...

Konsonan sengau tarik-belakangɳNomor IPA117Pengkodean karakterEntitas (desimal)ɳUnikode (heks)U+0273X-SAMPAn`Kirshenbaumn.Braille Gambar Sampel suaranoicon sumber · bantuan Konsonal sengau tarik-belakang adalah jenis dari suara konsonan, digunakan dalam berbagai bahasa. Simbol IPAnya adalah ɳ. Berbeda dengan konsonan sengau langit-langit, yang berarti huruf n dengan ekor menunjuk ke kiri. Pengucapan ini banyak digunakan pada bahasa-bahasa di India. Karakteristik konso...

 

English poet (1552–1599) Edmund SpenserBorn1552/1553London, EnglandDied13 January 1599(1599-01-13) (aged 46–47)London, EnglandResting placeWestminster AbbeyPen nameImmerito (in 1579)OccupationPoetstate servantLanguageEarly Modern EnglishEducationM.A.Alma materPembroke College, CambridgePeriodElizabethan eraGenresEpic poemecloguesonnetelegyhymnepithalamiumbeast fablepoetical autobiographypolitical treatisehistorytranslationcorrespondenceSubjectsLovebeautybeautiful ladypastoralLit...

 

† Палеопропитеки Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:СинапсидыКласс:�...

Державний комітет телебачення і радіомовлення України (Держкомтелерадіо) Приміщення комітетуЗагальна інформаціяКраїна  УкраїнаДата створення 2003Керівне відомство Кабінет Міністрів УкраїниРічний бюджет 1 964 898 500 ₴[1]Голова Олег НаливайкоПідвідомчі ор...

 

此條目可能包含不适用或被曲解的引用资料,部分内容的准确性无法被证實。 (2023年1月5日)请协助校核其中的错误以改善这篇条目。详情请参见条目的讨论页。 各国相关 主題列表 索引 国内生产总值 石油储量 国防预算 武装部队(军事) 官方语言 人口統計 人口密度 生育率 出生率 死亡率 自杀率 谋杀率 失业率 储蓄率 识字率 出口额 进口额 煤产量 发电量 监禁率 死刑 国债 ...

 

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Список. Начало Троицкого I списка Русской Правды. Наиболее исправный список Пространной редакции, XIV век[1] В Викисловаре есть статья «список» Спи́сок (от спи́сывать) — списанный откуда-либо текст, а также документ...

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع ليما (توضيح). ليما     الإحداثيات 44°38′09″N 112°35′31″W / 44.635833333333°N 112.59194444444°W / 44.635833333333; -112.59194444444   [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[2]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة بيفيرهيد  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 1.420159 كيلومتر مربع1....

 

School in Kolkata, West Bengal, IndiaRamakrishna Mission Mandir, NarendrapurLocationKolkata, West BengalIndiaCoordinates22°26′38″N 88°23′41″E / 22.443850°N 88.394700°E / 22.443850; 88.394700InformationTypeResidential Boys Medium - English & BengaliMottoAtmano mokshartham jagat hitaya cha(आत्मनो मोक्षार्थं जगद्धिताय च)(For one’s own salvation and for the welfare of the world)Established1958Headmaster...

 

Signal strength received by a phone from a network This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Mobile phone signal – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A display of bars on a mobile phone screen A mobile phone signal (also known as rece...

Biopharmaceutical company in Pennsylvania Melior DiscoveryCompany typePrivate companyIndustryBiotechnologyFounded2005FounderAndrew ReaumeMichael SaporitoHeadquartersExton, PennsylvaniaProductsPharmaceuticals, contract researchWebsitewww.meliordiscovery.com Melior Discovery, Inc. is a private biopharmaceutical company based in Exton, Pennsylvania, USA. Products and services The company specializes in drug repositioning and has established a proprietary phenotypic screening platform that it use...

 

British novelist Herron at St Cecilia's Hall, Edinburgh Mick Herron is a British mystery and thriller novelist. He is the author of the Slough House series, early novels of which have been adapted into the Slow Horses television series. He won the Crime Writers' Association 2013 Gold Dagger for Dead Lions. Early life Herron was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, and educated at Balliol College, Oxford, where he earned a degree in English.[1][2][3] He is one of six ...

 

The act of producing a cracking sound with a whip Whipcrackers from Traunstein, Bavaria Whipcracking is the act of producing a cracking sound through the use of a whip. Used during livestock driving and horse riding, it has also become an art. A rhythmic whipcracking belongs to the traditional culture among various Germanic peoples of Bavaria (Goaßlschnalzen), various Alpine areas (Aperschnalzen), Austria, and Hungary (Ostorozás). Today it is a performing art, a part of rodeo show in United...

Romance varieties spoken in Central Italy Central ItalianNative toItalyRegionUmbria, Lazio (except the southeast), central Marche, small parts of southernmost Tuscany, and northwestern AbruzzoNative speakers~3,000,000[citation needed] (2006)Language familyIndo-European ItalicLatino-FaliscanLatinRomanceItalo-WesternItalo-DalmatianItalo-RomanceCentral ItalianLanguage codesISO 639-3–GlottologNoneLinguasphere51-AAA-ra ... -rbaDialects that maintain a distinction between final ...

 

Railway station in Suffolk, England This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) SomerleytonGeneral informationLocationSomerleyton, East SuffolkEnglandGrid referenceTM479965Managed byGreater AngliaPlatforms2Other informationStation codeSYTClassificationDfT category F2HistoryOriginal companyNorfolk Ra...

 

American hurdler Varnell, circa 1919 George Marshall Varnell (August 10, 1882 – February 4, 1967) was an American track and field athlete, Gonzaga University's first basketball coach, a college football player, coach, and official, who refereed a record-setting eight Rose Bowl games, and sports editor of two major Pacific Northwest newspapers. He competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics, finishing fourth in the 200 meter hurdles event as well as fourth in the 400 meter hurdles competition. Varn...

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع معركة الدردنيل (توضيح). معركة الدردنيل (1655) جزء من الحروب العثمانية - البندقية معلومات عامة التاريخ 21 يونيو 1655 الموقع مضيق الدردنيل، وبحر إيجة40°02′00″N 26°04′00″E / 40.03333333°N 26.06666667°E / 40.03333333; 26.06666667   النتيجة انتصار جمهورية البندقية المتحار...

 

Public university in Palaiseau, France This article is about the university in France. For the 2009 film, see Polytechnique (film). For other uses, see École Polytechnique (disambiguation). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2021) Click [show] for important translation instr...