Ecuadorian tyrannulet

Ecuadorian tyrannulet
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Tyrannidae
Genus: Phylloscartes
Species:
P. gualaquizae
Binomial name
Phylloscartes gualaquizae
(Sclater, PL, 1887)

The Ecuadorian tyrannulet (Phylloscartes gualaquizae) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.[2]

Taxonomy and systematics

The Ecuadorian tyrannulet was originally described as Pogonotriccus gualaquizæ and was later moved to genus Phylloscartes. Its specific epithet, currently spelled gualaquizae, is derived from Gualaquiza Canton, Ecuador, where the type specimen was collected.[3][4]

The Ecuadorian tyrannulet is monotypic.[2]

Description

The Ecuadorian tyrannulet is about 11.5 cm (4.5 in) long; one male weighed 8 g (0.28 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have an indistinct whitish supercilium and eye-ring. Their face is otherwise mostly pale yellow to whitish with an indistinct blackish line around the ear coverts. Their crown is gray and the rest of their upperparts are olive. Their wings are dusky with pale yellow edges and tips on the flight feathers. Their wing coverts are dusky with whitish to pale yellow tips that form two wing bars. Their tail is olive. Their throat is whitish and the rest of their underparts are yellow with an olive wash on the breast. Both sexes have a brown iris, a black bill, and gray to blue-gray legs and feet.[5][6][7][8]

Distribution and habitat

The Ecuadorian tyrannulet has a disjunct distribution. One population is found from Cauca and Huila departments in southwestern Colombia south along the eastern slope of the Andes for nearly the entire length of Ecuador and possibly slightly into northwestern Peru. The other population is found in the upper valley of the Mayo River near the border of northern Peru's San Martín and Amazonas departments. The species inhabits humid montane forest where it usually is found in the canopy and on the edges. In elevation it occurs between 800 and 1,200 m (2,600 and 3,900 ft) in Colombia, mostly between 700 and 1,400 m (2,300 and 4,600 ft) in Ecuador, and between 800 and 1,500 m (2,600 and 4,900 ft) in Peru.[5][6][7][8]

Behavior

Movement

The Ecuadorian tyrannulet is a year-round resident.[5]

Feeding

The Ecuadorian tyrannulet's diet has not been detailed but is known to be mostly arthropods. It forages actively and almost entirely in the forest canopy, typically 10 to 30 m (35 to 100 ft) above the ground though lower at the forest edges. It typically perches horizontally on a branch, often with its tail slightly cocked up, and makes short sallies to grab or hover-glean prey from leaves and twigs. It typically forages singly or in pairs and usually as part of a mixed-species feeding flock.[5][6][7][8]

Breeding

Nothing is known about the Ecuadorian tyrannulet's breeding biology.[5]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to the Ecuadorian tyrannulet on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The Ecuadorian tyrannulet's day song is "a spitting, almost rattled trill, sp-i-i-i-i-i-i, that at first descends, then ascends, then descends again"[7] and has also been written as "dzEEeerrrrEEerrrrr"[8]. Its calls include "a thin feeee"[7] and "high teep and ptip notes"[8].

Status

The IUCN originally in 2004 assessed the Ecuadorian tyrannulet as being of Least Concern, then in 2012 as Near Threatened, and since February 2023 again as of Least Concern. It has a large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. "The species is impacted by logging, mining, and clearance of forests for agriculture within its range".[1] It is considered uncommon in Colombia and uncommon to locally fairly common in Ecuador, and is known from only one area in Peru.[6][7][8]

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2023). "Ecuadorian TyrannuletPhylloscartes gualaquizae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T22699488A217914509. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22699488A217914509.en. Retrieved 23 December 2024.
  2. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Tyrant flycatchers". IOC World Bird List. v 14.2. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  3. ^ Sclater, P. L. (1887). Characters of new Species of Birds of the Family Tyrannidae in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (in Latin and English). Zoological Society of London. p. 48.
  4. ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 18 November 2024. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved November 26, 2024
  5. ^ a b c d e Schulenberg, T. S. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Ecuadorian Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes gualaquizae), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.ecutyr1.01 retrieved December 23, 2024
  6. ^ a b c d McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 475–476. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Schulenberg, T.S.; Stotz, D.F.; Lane, D.F.; O'Neill, J.P.; Parker, T.A. III (2010). Birds of Peru. Princeton Field Guides (revised and updated ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 402. ISBN 978-0691130231.