East Siberian grayling

East Siberian grayling
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Salmoniformes
Family:	Salmonidae
Genus:	Thymallus
Species:	T. pallasii
Binomial name
	Thymallus pallasii; Valenciennes, 1848

The East Siberian grayling (Thymallus pallasii)^[1] is a grayling in the salmon family Salmonidae.^[2]^[3] ^[4] Males can reach a size of 44 cm (17 in).^[1]

Distribution

East Siberian grayling was first described to be found at the Kolyma River basin by Peter Simon Pallas. Its distribution range is still insufficiently understood, and is believed to include most of the rivers flowing to the Arctic coast eastward from the Khatanga River, across the East Siberian Plain, and further east to easternmost Siberia, including the rivers in the Chukotka Peninsula as well as rivers of the Sea of Okhotsk basin, such as the Ola River in the Magadan Oblast and the Kukhtuy in Khabarovsk Krai.^[3]^[5]

Description

Thymallus can be distinguished by their elongated, often cylindrical body, greatly enlarged dorsal fin, small mouth and striking dorsal coloration. Adult dorsum color ranges from dark purple to blue/black, and claret red spots are sometimes observed above ventral fins and on the caudal peduncle. Adults can have dark lateral spotting, and the lower caudal lobe is often longer than the upper lobe ^[6] ^[7] East-Siberian grayling were first described by Valenciennes (1828) and were described as having a less acute pectoral fin, radiating streaks on the operculum, longer dorsal fin rays, and narrower maxillae than other Thymallus sp..^[8] Additionally, Thymallus sp. can be distinguished by the extension of the upper jaw beyond the anterior of the eye but not to the midpoint of the eye.^[9]^[10] Thymallus sp. including T. pallasii often have plastic phenotypes distinguished by differences in relative length, rows of spots on dorsal fins and caudal peduncle color.^[11]

Reproduction and development

Thymallus spawn polygamously in the spring in rivers and lakes, with males guarding independent territories. Eggs are laid in shallow areas of clear, fast-moving streams with rocky or sandy bottoms, and incubate for between 13 and 18 days before hatching. Adults do not perform any parental care. Juveniles reach sexual maturity at around 2 – 6 years old, and maximum sizes recorded are 515 mm and 488 mm, for females and males, respectively. Grayling live up to 22 years, and are known to have complex local migrations corresponding with the seasons.^[12]

Behavior, diet and predation

Adults are visual predators and stay in depths of 110 – 152 cm. Grayling feed primarily on aquatic and terrestrial insects, aquatic insect larvae, fish, small mammals, and crustacean zooplankton, and often require clear streams to feed.^[13]^[14] East-Siberian grayling predators include humans, as well as pike (Esox sp.).^[15]

Economic importance and conservation status

While Thymallus do not have significant commercial economic importance, they are culturally relevant and are harvested massively by anglers.^[16] Additionally, grayling require rocky or sandy bottom streams and well oxygenated water- giving them important potential as an indicator species.^[17] Thymallus pallasii are considered a species of least concern, and recent genetic work indicates T. pallasii may be part of a larger group, T. arcticus sl., composed of T. mertensii, pallasii and signifer.^[18]

References

^ ^a ^b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2021). "Thymallus pallasii" in FishBase. September 2021 version.
^ Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist". Species 2000: Reading, UK.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b Yury Valentinovich Dyldin. A review of the genus Thymallus
^ Berg, L.S. (1962) Freshwater fishes of the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries. volume 1, 4th edition., Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd, Jerusalem. (Russian version published 1948).
^ L.S, Berg (1965). Freshwater fishes of the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries. Russia: cademy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Zoological Institute. p. 593. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
^ McClane, A. J. (1978). McClane’s Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of North America. Henry Holt
^ Shestakov, A. V., & Grunin, S. I. (2022). Species Composition and Features of Fish Biology of Thermal Mineral Springs of the Arctic River Gilmimliveem (East Chukotka). Inland Water Biology, 15(1), 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995082922010114
^ Cuvier, M., & Valenciennes, M. (1828). Historie Naturelle des Poissons
^ Knizhin, I. B., Kirillov, A. F., & Weiss, S. J. (2006). On the diversity and taxonomic status of graylings (Thymallus Thymallidae) from the Lena River. Journal of Ichthyology, 46(3), 234–246. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945206030039
^ Shestakov, A. V., & Grunin, S. I. (2022). Species Composition and Features of Fish Biology of Thermal Mineral Springs of the Arctic River Gilmimliveem (East Chukotka). Inland Water Biology, 15(1), 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995082922010114
^ Knizhin, I. B., Kirillov, A. F., & Weiss, S. J. (2006). On the diversity and taxonomic status of graylings (Thymallus Thymallidae) from the Lena River. Journal of Ichthyology, 46(3), 234–246. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945206030039
^ Stewart, D. B., Mochnacz, N. J., Reist, J. D., Carmichael, T. J., & Sawatzky, C. D. (2007). Fish life history and habitat use in the Northwest Territories: Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus), Central and Arctic Region Fisheries and Oceans Canada Winnipeg
^ Papakostas, S., Vøllestad, L. A., Primmer, C. R., & Leder, E. H. (2010). Proteomic profiling of early life stages of european grayling (Thymallus thymallus). Journal of Proteome Research, 9(9), 4790–4800. https://doi.org/10.1021/pr100507s
^ Stewart, D. B., Mochnacz, N. J., Reist, J. D., Carmichael, T. J., & Sawatzky, C. D. (2007). Fish life history and habitat use in the Northwest Territories: Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) Central and Arctic Region Fisheries and Oceans Canada Winnipeg
^ Stewart et al., 2007
^ Koskinen, M., Ranta, E., Piironen, J., Veselov, A., Titov, S., Haugen, T., Nilsson, J., Carlstein, M., & Primmer, C. (2000). Genetic lineages and postglacial colonization of grayling ( Thymallus thymallus , Salmonidae) in Europe, as revealed by mitochondrial DNA analyses. In Molecular Ecology (Vol. 9).
^ Dyldin, Y. V., Hanel, L., Romanov, V., & Plesnik, J. (2017). A REVIEW OF THE GENUS THYMALLUS (PISCES: SALMONIFORMES, SALMONIDAE, THYMALLINAE) WITH TAXONOMIC NOTES. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320717215
^ Weiss, S. J., Duarte, &, Gonçalves, V., Secci-Petretto, G., Englmaier, G. K., Gomes-Dos-Santos, A., Denys, G. P. J., Persat, H., Antonov, A., Hahn, C., Taylor, E. B., & Froufe, E. (2020). Global systematic diversity, range distributions, conservation and taxonomic assessments of graylings (Teleostei: Salmonidae; Thymallus spp.). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-020-00468-7/Published