Duke Xiang of Song

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宋襄公
宋襄公

Duke of Song

Reign

650–637 BC

Predecessor

Successor

Names
ancestral name Zǐ (子) clan name Sòng (宋) Given name Zīfǔ (茲甫)

Father

Duke Huan I of Song

Duke Xiang of Song (宋襄公) (died 637 BC) was the leader in the state of Song in the Spring and Autumn period. His personal name was Zifu (子茲甫) and he took his throne in 650 BC.^[1]

After the death of the Hegemon of China, Duke Huan of Qi, in 643 BC, Duke Xiang intervened in the War of Qi's succession on the behalf of his ally Prince Zhao. Forming an alliance with Cao, Wey, and Zou, Duke Xiang and his troops invaded Qi and eventually defeated Prince Zhao's rival brothers, crowning him as "Duke Xiao of Qi".^[2] With his influence on the rise, Duke Xiang saw a chance to become the next hegemon of China and made war with Chu. In 641 BC, he made a covenant with Cao and Zhu, two small states. Then he ordered the viscount of Zeng to be sacrificed as a victim, because the later came too late for their first covenant, though he appeared in their another covenant. In 638 BC he attacked the state of Zheng and met the troops from Chu, who were running to save Zheng. Instead of giving the enemy a surprise attack, he waited for the enemy to go across the river in order to display his benevolence or Ren (仁) as a Junzi. In the Battle of Hongshui (泓水之戰) against the much stronger and fully prepared enemy, Duke Xiang's troops were defeated thoroughly and he himself was badly hurt. He died in the following year and was succeeded by his son Wangchen known as Duke Cheng of Song.^[2]

Despite his failure in expansion, he is considered one of the Five Hegemons by some historians.

Mao Zedong once said about Duke Xiang's humanity in war: "We are not Duke Xiang of Song and have no use for his idiotic virtue and morality".^[3]

Family

Wives:

Wang Ji, of the Ji clan of Zhou (王姬), a daughter of King Hui of Zhou and an elder sister of King Xiang of Zhou

Sons:

Prince Wangchen (公子王臣; d. 620 BC), ruled as Duke Cheng of Song from 636 to 620 BC
Prince Yu (公弟禦; d. 620 BC), ruled as the Duke of Song in 620 BC

Ancestry

Duke Mu of Song (d. 720 BC)

Duke Zhuang of Song (744–692 BC)

Duke Huan I of Song (d. 651 BC)

Duke Xiang of Song (d. 637 BC)

Duke Xuan of Wey (d. 700 BC)

Count Zhao of Wey

Song Huan of Wey

Duke Xi of Qi (d. 698 BC)

Xuan Jiang of Qi

References

^ Schaberg, David (2001). A Patterned Past: Form and Thought in Early Chinese Historiography. Volume 205 of Harvard East Asian monographs (Illustrated ed.). Harvard University Asia Center. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-674-00861-8.
^ ^a ^b Zuo Qiuming. "Book 5. Duke Xi". Zuo Zhuan (in Chinese and English). Retrieved 27 August 2017.
^ Schram, Stuart R. (1997). Mao's Road to Power: Revolutionary Writings, 1912-1949. Vol. 1 (Illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. p. 369. ISBN 978-1-56324-457-5.

External links

v t e Rulers of Song (state)
Early period	Weizi Weizhong Ji Duke Ding Duke Min I Duke Yang Duke Li Duke Xi Duke Hui Duke Ai Duke Dai
Spring and Autumn period	Duke Wu Duke Xuan Duke Mu Duke Shang Duke Zhuang Duke Min II Ziyou Duke Huan I Duke Xiang Duke Cheng Yu Duke Zhao I Duke Wen Duke Gong Duke Ping Duke Yuan Duke Jing
Warring States period	Qi Duke Zhao II Duke Dao Duke Xiu Duke Huan II Lord Ticheng Yan

Five Hegemons

Traditional List (SJ)

Alternative Lists

Xunzi	Duke Huan of Qi Duke Wen of Jin King Zhuang of Chu Helü, King of Wu Goujian, King of Yue
Ci Tong (辭通)	Duke Zhuang of Zheng Duke Huan of Qi Duke Wen of Jin Duke Mu of Qin King Zhuang of Chu
Bai Hu Tong	Duke Huan of Qi Duke Mu of Qin Duke Wen of Jin King Zhuang of Chu Helü, King of Wu
SZJDL [zh]	Duke Huan of Qi Duke Wen of Jin Duke Mu of Qin King Zhuang of Chu Goujian, King of Yue
Book of Han	Duke Huan of Qi Duke Mu of Qin Duke Xiang of Song Duke Wen of Jin Fuchai, King of Wu

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