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Drilliidae
	An apertural view of a shell of Cymatosyrinx parciplicata
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Order:	Neogastropoda
Superfamily:	Conoidea
Family:	Drilliidae; Olsson, 1964
Genera
	See text
Synonyms
	Clavidae Casey, 1904 (non McCrady, 1859: preoccupied)

The Drilliidae are a taxonomic family of small predatory sea snails with high-spired shells. They are classified as marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.^[2]

This family has no subfamilies. It consists of about 30 genera and approximately 500 Recent species.

Description

The shell is claviform with a tall spire, or squatly conical to biconical. In many species, the siphonal canal is truncated. The aperture is U-shaped with a parietal callus pad.

The sculpture of the shell shows prominent axial ribs with a polished surface. Most species have a dorsal varix (transverse elevation), except in the genera Cymatosyrinx, Elaeocyma and Splendrillia. The protoconch can be smooth or very carinate. The ovate operculum has a terminal nucleus.^[3]

The radula of the species in this family have characteristically five teeth in each row (formula: 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1) with a vestigial central tooth, comb-like lateral teeth and a pair of flat-pointed, slender marginal teeth.^[4]

The foregut structure of the anterior alimentary system has the least derived foregut anatomy of all the families in the superfamily Conoidea.^[5]

Distribution

This family has wide distribution, ranging from Iceland to the Antarctic Ocean, found at intertidal to abyssal depths. This is reflected in the variability in larval shells and the size of the shell (from a few millimetres to 6 cm) and the characteristics of the protoconch and the teleoconch.^[6]

Taxonomic history

The genera in this family were originally separated from the subfamily Clavitulinae and classified by H.& A. Adams (1858) under subfamily Turritinae, because their operculum has a terminal instead of a central nucleus. In 1942, the species with a U-shaped sinus and a parietal callus pad were brought by Powell in the new subfamily Clavinae. In 1966, Morrison proposed the subfamily Drillinae (= Clavinae) for the species with a stenoglossan radula with comb-like lateral teeth. Finally, in 1993, Taylor et al. proposed the promotion of Drillinae from subfamily to the family level Drilliidae.^[3]^[7]

Taxonomy

Genera in the family Drilliidae include:^[1]

Acinodrillia Kilburn, 1988
Agladrillia Woodring, 1928
Bellaspira Conrad, 1868
Calliclava McLean, 1971
Cerodrillia Bartsch & Rehder, 1939
Clathrodrillia Dall, 1918
Clavus Montfort, 1810
Conopleura Hinds, 1844
Crassopleura Monterosato, 1884
Cruziturricula Marks, 1951
Cymatosyrinx Dall, 1889
Decoradrillia Fallon, 2016
Douglassia Bartsch, 1934
Drillia Gray, 1838
Elaeocyma Dall, 1918
Eumetadrillia Woodring, 1928
Fenimorea Bartsch, 1934
Fusiturricula Woodring, 1928
Globidrillia Woodring, 1928
Hauturua Powell, 1942
Imaclava Bartsch, 1944
Iredalea Oliver, 1915
Kylix Dall, 1919
Leptadrillia Woodring, 1928
Lissodrillia Bartsch & Rehder, 1943
Neodrillia Bartsch, 1943
Orrmaesia Kilburn, 1988
Paracuneus Laseron, 1954
Plagiostropha Melvill, 1927
† Pleurofusia de Gregorio, 1890
Sedilia Fargo, 1953
Spirotropis Sars, 1878
Splendrillia Hedley, 1922
Stenodrillia Korobkov, 1955
Syntomodrillia Hedley, 1922
Wairarapa Vella, 1954

Genera brought into synonymy

Brephodrillia Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932: synonym of Iredalea
Clavicantha Swainson, 1840: synonym of Clavus Montfort, 1810
Eldridgea Bartsch, 1934: synonym of Clavus Montfort, 1810
Fusisyrinx Bartsch, 1934: synonym of Fusiturricula Woodring, 1928
Tylotia Melvill, 1917: synonym of Clavus Montfort, 1810
Tylotiella Habe, 1958: synonym of Clavus Montfort, 1810

Genera moved to other families

Austroclavus (unassigned to a family within Conoidea)
Brachytoma moved to the family Pseudomelatomidae
Sediliopsis Petuch, 1988: moved to the family Pseudomelatomidae

References

^ ^a ^b WoRMS (2010). Drilliidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=23032 on1 September 2011
^ Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P. (2005). "Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families". Malacologia. 47 (1–2).
^ ^a ^b Chen-Kwoh Chang, Small Turrids of Taiwan, Chapter 3 , History and Taxonomy of the Clavidae; June 1, 2001^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Kantor, Yuri I; John D.Taylor (2000). "Formation of marginal radular teeth in Conoidea (Neogastropoda) and the evolution of the hypodermic envenomation mechanism". Journal of Zoology. 252 (2). Cambridge University Press: 251–262. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00620.x.
^ Brian Morton, The Malacofauna of Hong Kong and southern China
^ Andrea Nappo, Xabier Rey, Daniel Pellegrini, Giuseppe Bonomolo & Fabio Crocetta, Revisiting the disjunct distribution of Conopleura Hinds, 1844 (Mollusca:Gastropoda: Drilliidae); Zootaxa 4392 (3): 567–587]
^ Taylor, J.D., Kantor, Y.I& Sysoev, A.V.,1993 . Foregut anatomy, feeding mechanisms, relationships and classification of the Conoidea (=Toxoglossas) (Gastropoda) Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond .(Zool) 5(2): 125-170