The term doctrine of chances is any of several things:

• The doctrine of chances, a rule of evidence in law
• The Doctrine of Chances, the first textbook on the mathematical theory of probability, published in 1718;
• The theory of probability, in 18th-century English, occurring in an influential posthumously published paper of the Reverend Thomas Bayes, "An Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances.

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