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Diyala river
Diyala river
Location
Country	Iran, Iraq
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	North of Iraq/Western Iran
Mouth
• location	Tigris River
Length	445 km (277 mi)
Basin size	32,600 km2 (12,600 sq mi)
Discharge
• average	164 m3/s (5,800 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
• left	Sirwan
• right	Tanjero

The Diyala (Arabic: نهر ديالى‎ Nahr Diyālā; Kurdish: Sîrwan; Farsi: دیاله Diyâlah, سيروان Sīrvān) is a river and tributary of the Tigris. It is formed by the confluence of the Sirwan and Tanjaro rivers in Darbandikhan Dam in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate of Northern Iraq. It covers a total distance of 445 km (277 mi).

Course

It rises near Hamadan, in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. It then descends through the mountains, where for some 32 km it forms the border between the two countries. It finally flows into the Tigris below Baghdad. Navigation of the upper reaches of the Diyala is not possible because of its narrow defiles, but the river's valley provides an important trade route between Iran and Iraq.

The river flows southwest of the Hamrin Mountains.

Name

Its Aramaic origin is "Diyalas" and in Kurdish it is called "Sirwan", meaning 'roaring sea' or 'shouting river'. In the early Islamic period, the lower course of the river formed part of the Nahrawan Canal. The Diyala Governorate in Iraq is named after the river.

It may be the ancient Tornas river.^[2]

History

Bronze Age

This area flourished already during the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic periods, through to the Akkadian period.

In Eshnunna (Tell Asmar), the Tell Asmar Hoard is particularly notable. Twelve remarkable statues were found belonging to the Early Dynastic period (2900–2350 BC).

Scarlet Ware

A type of pottery known as 'Scarlet Ware', a brightly coloured pottery with pictorial representations, was typical of sites along the Diyala River.^[4] It developed around 2800 BC, and is related to the Jemdet Nasr ware in central Mesopotamia of the same period. The red colour was achieved predominantly by using haematite paint.

Scarlet Ware is typical of Early Dynastic I and II periods.^[5] Along the Diyala is located one of the most important trade routes linking south Mesopotamia with the Iranian plateau. Thus, Scarlet ware was also popular in Pusht-i Kuh, Luristan, and it was traded to Susa during Susa II period.

Middle Bronze

During the Larsa period, Eshnunna especially became prominent. The Diyala river also bore the name "Shu-durul" at the time.^[6]

Iron Age

In 693 BC, the Battle of Diyala River took place between the forces of the Assyrians and the Elamites of southern Iran.

The river is mentioned in Herodotus's Histories under the name Gyndes, where it is stated that the king Cyrus the Great dispersed it by digging 360 channels as punishment after a sacred white horse perished there.^[7] The river returned to its former proportions after the channels disappeared under the sand.^{[citation needed]}

Modern history

In March 1917 the British Empire defeated the Ottoman Empire at the confluence with the Tigris, leading to the Fall of Baghdad, part of the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I.

Excavations

Major excavations were done in the lower Diyala river basin in the 1930s. They were conducted by the University of Chicago Oriental Institute (1930–1937) and by the University of Pennsylvania (1938–1939). The sites such as Tell Agrab, Tell Asmar (ancient Eshnunna), Ishchali (ancient Neribtum), and Khafaje (ancient Tutub) were excavated.

At that time, the Diyala was relatively unexplored compared to southern and northern Mesopotamia. But looting of sites was already underway. As the result, the professional excavations were launched.

Archaeologists James Breasted and Henri Frankfort were leading these projects.

These excavations provided very comprehensive data on Mesopotamian archaeology and chronology. They covered the time between the late Uruk period and the end of the Old Babylonian period (3000–1700 BC).

Subsequently, nine detailed monographs were published, but most of the objects, numbering 12,000, remained unpublished. Launched in 1992, the Diyala Database Project has been publishing a lot of this material.^[8]

Other scholars who worked there were Thorkild Jacobsen as epigrapher, Seton Lloyd, and Pinhas Delougaz.^[9]

Around 1980, the Diyala region was also explored intensively as part of the Hamrin Dam Salvage Project.^[10] The following sites were excavated from 1977 to 1981: Tell Yelkhi, Tell Hassan, Tell Abu Husaini, Tell Kesaran, Tell Harbud, Tell al-Sarah, and Tell Mahmud.^[11]

Dams

In Iran the Daryan Dam is constructed near Daryan in Kermanshah province. One of the goals of the dam is to divert a portion of the water to southwestern Iran for irrigation through the 48 km (30 mi) long Nosoud Water Conveyance Tunnel and to produce hydroelectric power.^[12]^[13]^[14] In Iraq, the river first reaches the Darbandikhan Dam which generates hydroelectric power and stores water for irrigation. It then flows down to the Hemrin Dam for similar purposes. In the lower Diyala Valley near Baghdad the river is controlled by the Diyala Weir which controls floods and irrigates the area northeast of Baghdad.

Darbandikhan Dam, Iraq – water storage capacity: 3,000 MCM
Bawanur Dam (under construction), Iraq – water storage capacity: 31 MCM
Hemrin Dam, Iraq – water storage capacity: 2,040 MCM
Diyala Weir, Iraq – water diversion dam
Garan Dam, Iran – water storage capacity: 110 MCM
Daryan Dam, Iran – water storage capacity: 316 MCM

Lake Darbandikhan
Darbandikhan Dam
Diyala Weir

References

^ Hussein, Haitham A. (June 2010). "Dependable Discharges of The Upper and Middle Diyala Basins". Journal of Engineering. 16 (2): 4960–4969. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ Cohen, Getzel M. (2013). The Hellenistic settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India. Hellenistic culture and society. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-520-27382-5.
^ "Khafajeh jar". British Museum.
^ Francesco Del Bravo, 'Scarlet Ware': Origins, Chronology and Developments, in M. Lebeau – P. de Miroschedji (eds), ARCANE Interregional Vol. I: Ceramics (ARCANE Interregional I), Turnhout (Brepols), 2014: 131–147
^ Scarlet Ware jar britishmuseum.org
^ Donald M. Matthews, The Early Glyptic of Tell Brak: Cylinder Seals of Third Millennium Syria 1997, p. 15.
^ Herodotus (1920). The Histories. Translated by Godley, A. D. Godley. Harvard University Press.
^ Diyala Project oi.uchicago.edu
^ POTTERY FROM THE DIYALA REGION. By Pinhas Delougaz (The University of Chicago, Oriental Institute Publications, vol. LXIII). XXII+182 pp. +204 plates, Chicago 1952.
^ McGuire Gibson (ed.), Uch Tepe I: Tell Razuk, Tell Ahmed al-Mughir, Tell Ajamat, Hamrin Reports 10, Copenhagen, 1981.
^ IRAQ – Hamrin Archived 2018-10-21 at the Wayback Machine Centro Ricerche Archeologiche e Scavi di Torino per il Medio Oriente e l'Asia
^ "Darian Dam, one of the best dams in Iran in terms of structure and body". Islamic Republic News Agency. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
^ "Darian Dam" (in Persian). Iran Water Resources Management. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^ "Water Tunnel Nosoud" (in Persian). JTMA. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.