Dietrich Heinrich von Bülow

Dietrich Heinrich Freiherr von Bülow (1757–1807) was a Prussian soldier and military writer, and brother of General Count Friedrich Wilhelm Bülow.

Early career

Von Bülow entered the Prussian army in 1773. Routine work proved distasteful to him, and he read with avidity the works of Jean Charles, Chevalier Folard and other theoretical writers on war, and of Rousseau. After sixteen years service he left Prussia, and endeavoured without success to obtain a commission in the Austrian army. He then returned to Prussia, and for some time managed a theatrical company. The failure of this undertaking involved Bülow in heavy losses, and soon afterwards he went to America, where he seems to have been converted to, and to have preached, Swedenborgianism.[1]

On his return to Europe he persuaded his brother to engage in a speculation for exporting glass to the United States, which proved a complete failure. After this for some years he made a precarious living in Berlin by literary work, but his debts accumulated, and it was under great disadvantages that he produced his Geist des Neueren Kriegssystems (Hamburg, 1799) and Der Feldzug 1801 (Berlin, 1801). His hopes of military employment were again disappointed, and his brother, the future field marshal, who had stood by him in all his troubles, finally left him.[1]

Writing career

In 1797, Bülow published his two-volume Der Freistaat von Nordamerika in seinem neuesten Zustand. It offered an decidedly negative account of the United States. John Quincy Adams, then U.S. minister at Berlin, translated the work, describing it as a "libel upon America." Adams' transcription was subsequently published in Joseph Dennie's Philadelphia-based Port Folio in the early 1800s.[2]

After wandering in France and the smaller German states, Bulow reappeared at Berlin in 1804, where he wrote a revised edition of his Geist des Neueren Kriegssystems (Hamburg, 1805), Lehrstze des Neueren Kriegs (Berlin, 1805), Geschichte des Prinzen Heinrich von Preussen (Berlin, 1805), Neue Taktik der Neuern wie sie sein sollte (Leipzig, 1805), and Der Feldzug 1805 (Leipzig, 1806). He also edited, with G. H. von Behrenhorst (1733–1814) and others, Annalen des Krieges (Berlin, 1806). These brilliant but unorthodox works, distinguished by an open contempt of the Prussian system, cosmopolitanism hardly to be distinguished from high treason, and the mordant sarcasm of a disappointed man, brought upon Bülow the enmity of the official classes and of the government. He was arrested as insane, but medical examination proved him sane and he was then lodged as a prisoner in Kolberg, where he was harshly treated, though August von Gneisenau obtained some mitigation of his condition. Thence he passed into Russian hands and died in prison at Riga in 1807, probably as a result of ill-treatment.[1]

Assessment

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition:

In Bülow's writings there is a distinct contrast evident between the spirit of his strategical and that of his tactical ideas. As a strategist (he claimed to be the first of strategists) he reduces to mathematical rules the practice of the great generals of the 18th century, ignoring friction, and maneuvering his armies in vacuo. At the same time he professes that his system provides working rules for the armies of his own day, which in point of fact were armed nations, infinitely more affected by friction than the small dynastic and professional armies of the preceding age. Bülow may therefore be considered as anything but a reformer in the domain of strategy. With more justice he has been styled the father of modern tactics. He was the first to recognize that the conditions of swift and decisive war brought about by the French Revolution involved wholly new tactics, and much of his teaching had a profound influence on European warfare of the 19th century.[1]

His early training had shown him merely the pedantic minutiae of Frederick's methods, and, in the absence of any troops capable of illustrating the real linear tactics, he became an enthusiastic supporter of the methods, which (more of necessity than from judgment) the French revolutionary generals had adopted, of fighting in small columns covered by skirmishers. Battles, he maintained, were won by skirmishers. We must organize disorder, he said; indeed, every argument of writers of the modern extended order school is to be found mutatis mutandis in Bülow, whose system acquired great prominence in view of the mechanical improvements in armament. But his tactics, like his strategy, were vitiated by the absence of friction, and their dependence on the realization of an unattainable standard of bravery.[1]

Notes

Regarding personal names: Freiherr is a former title (translated as 'Baron'). In Germany since 1919, it forms part of family names. The feminine forms are Freifrau and Freiin.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911, p. 794.
  2. ^ Kirsten Belgum, "Accidental Encounter: Why John Quincy Adams Translated German Culture for Americans," Early American Studies 13, no. 1 (Winter 2015):209–36; John Quincy Adams' Diary, May 3, 1799, in Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Mass., available at http://www.masshist.org/jqadiaries/php/popup?id=jqad24_256

References

  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bülow, Dietrich Heinrich". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 799–800. Endnotes:
    • von Voss, H. von Bülow (Köln, 1806)
    • P. von Bülow, Familienbuch der v. Bülow (Berlin, 1859)
    • Ed. von Bülow, Aus dem Leben Dietrichs v. Bülow, also Vermischte Schriften aus dem Nachlass von Behrenhorst (1845)
    • Ed. von Bülow and von Rüstow, Militärische und vermischte Schriften von Heinrich Dietrich v. Bülow (Leipzig, 1853)
    • Memoirs by Freiherr v. Meerheimb in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. 3 (Leipzig, 1876), and "Behrenhorst und Bülow" (Historische Zeitschrift, 1861, vi.)
  • Max Jähns, Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften, vol. iii. pp. 2133–2145 (Munich, 1891)
    • General von Cammerer (transl. von Donat), Development of Strategical Science (London, 1905), ch. i.

Read other articles:

Gloria SteinemGloria Steinem di Penghargaan Gloria tahunan ke-23 yang diadakan oleh Ms. Foundation for Women, yang mengambil nama darinya, pada 19 Mei 2011.LahirGloria Marie Steinem[1]25 Maret 1934 (umur 89)Toledo, Ohio, United StatesTempat tinggalNew York City, New York, U.S.[2]KebangsaanAmerican[3]AlmamaterSmith CollegePekerjaanPenulis dan jurnalis untuk majalah Ms. dan New York[4]Kota asalToledo, OhioGerakan politikFeminisme[4]Anggota dewa...

 

Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: 4 anni di successi – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR 4 anni di successiAlbum studio karya MinaDirilis1967Durasi36:28LabelRi-Fi Record Company 4 anni di successi adalah album penyany...

 

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang provinsi. Untuk kepulauan yang mencakup provinsi tersebut, lihat Kepulauan Maluku. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Maluku (disambiguasi). MalukuProvinsiDari kiri ke kanan, atas ke bawah: Bukit Desa Kaibobo, Gunung Api Banda, Tarian Cakalele, Pantai Natsepa, Pantai Yanain, dan Pantai Tanusang Geser, Pantai Ora. BenderaLambangJulukan: The Spice IslandMotto: Siwalima(Ambon) Milik bersamaPetaNegara IndonesiaDasar hukum pendirianUU RI No. 20 Tahun 1958H...

Serie BLogo Serie BBadan yang mengaturLega BNegaraItaliaKonfederasiUEFADibentuk1929(2010 (Lega Serie B))Jumlah tim20Tingkat pada piramida2Promosi keSerie ADegradasi keSerie CPiala domestikCoppa ItaliaPiala internasionalUEFA Europa League(melalui juara Coppa Italia)Juara bertahan ligaLecce (Piala ke-2) (2021–22)Klub tersuksesGenoa (6 kali juara)Pencetak gol terbanyakStefan Schwoch (135)Televisi penyiarSky SportDAZNHelbizSitus weblegab.it 2022–23 Serie B Serie B yang secara resmi bernama Se...

 

BBC TwoLogo BBC Two sejak 20 Oktober 2021Diluncurkan20 April 1964PemilikBBCPangsa pemirsa6.7% (Juni 2013, BARB)NegaraBritania RayaSaluran seindukBBC OneBBC ThreeBBC FourBBC NewsBBC ParliamentCBBCCBeebiesSitus webwww.bbc.co.uk/bbctwoTelevisi InternetBBC OnlineWatch live (Britania Raya saja)BBC iPlayerWatch live (Britania Raya saja)TVCatchupWatch live (Britania Raya saja)UPC HorizonWatch live (Irlandia saja)Watch live (Belanda saja) BBC Two adalah saluran televisi BBC di Inggris yang ketiga set...

 

Wakil Bupati PangandaranJaya Karsa Makarya Praja (Jawa) Unggul dalam pemikiran demi menciptakan pemerintahan yang kuatPetahanaH. Ujang Endin Indrawan, S.H.sejak 26 Februari 2021Masa jabatan5 tahunDibentuk2001Pejabat pertamaH. Adang HadariSitus webportal.pangandarankab.go.id Berikut ini adalah daftar Wakil Bupati Pangandaran dari masa ke masa. No Wakil Bupati Mulai Jabatan Akhir Jabatan Prd. Ket. Bupati 1 H.Adang Hadari 17 Februari 2016 26 September 2020 1 [Ket. 1] H.Jeje Wiradina...

حديقة الجزيرة الملكية الوطنية IUCN التصنيف V (منظر طبيعي أو بحري محمي) صورة لطائرة اثناء الهبوط على المياه المحيطة بالحديقة البلد الولايات المتحدة[1]  الموقع مقاطعة كيويناو (ميشيغان)، الولايات المتحدة أقرب مدينة ثاندر باي (أونتاريو) إحداثيات 48°01′N 88°51′W / 48.01°N ...

 

Galatama IIIMusim1982-83Tanggal28 Agustus 1982 s/d 28 Mei 1983JuaraNiac MitraJumlah pertandingan420Jumlah gol481 (1,15 per pertandingan)Pencetak golterbanyak Dede Sulaiman (27 gol)(Indonesia Muda)← 1980-82 1983-84 → Galatama 1982–83 atau juga disebut Galatama III adalah musim ketiga Galatama. Pada musim ini, untuk pertama kalinya Galatama memberlakukan sistem promosi degradasi dengan pembagian divisi atau strata liga yaitu Divisi I dan Divisi II. Divisi I diisi oleh 15 tim yang ber...

 

History and regulations of Australian citizenship Australian Citizenship Act 2007Parliament of Australia Long title An Act relating to Australian citizenship CitationNo. 20 of 2007Territorial extentAustraliaEnacted byHouse of RepresentativesEnacted1 March 2007 (with amendments from the Senate)Enacted bySenateEnacted26 February 2007Royal assent15 March 2007Commenced1 July 2007Administered byDepartment of Home Affairs[1]Legislative historyFirst chamber: House of Represent...

Mobil pertama dengan teknologi VDIM di luar Jepang, Lexus GS (2005–sekarang). Manajemen Kedinamisan Kendaraan Terintegrasi (Inggris:Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM)) adalah sebuah sistem pengendalian dan kontrol perangkat lunak pada kendaraan yang dikembangkan oleh Toyota. Termasuk di dalamnya merupakan gabungan dari sistem kontrol traksi, Kontrol Stabilitas Elektronik, kemudi elektronik, dan sistem lainnya, yang berguna untuk meningkatkan tingkat respon kendaraan, performa, da...

 

Historical event in 1918 Austria–Hungary Kingdoms and countries of Austria–Hungary:Cisleithania (Empire of Austria[1]): 1. Bohemia, 2. Bukovina, 3. Carinthia, 4. Carniola, 5. Dalmatia, 6. Galicia, 7. Küstenland, 8. Lower Austria, 9. Moravia, 10. Salzburg, 11. Silesia, 12. Styria, 13. Tyrol, 14. Upper Austria, 15. Vorarlberg; Transleithania (Kingdom of Hungary[1]): 16. Hungary proper 17. Croatia-Slavonia; Joint control by Austria and Hungary: 18. Bosnia and Herzegovina (Au...

 

Minor league baseball teamWilmington Sailors1908–1910 Wilmington, North Carolina Minor league affiliationsClassClass D (1908–1910)LeagueEastern Carolina League (1908–1910)Major league affiliationsTeamNoneMinor league titlesLeague titles (0)NoneConference titles (1)1908Team dataNameWilmington Sailors (1908–1910)BallparkHilton Park (1908–1910) The Wilmington Sailors were a minor league baseball team based in Wilmington, North Carolina. From 1908 to 1910, the Sailors played exclusi...

Військово-музичне управління Збройних сил України Тип військове формуванняЗасновано 1992Країна  Україна Емблема управління Військово-музичне управління Збройних сил України — структурний підрозділ Генерального штабу Збройних сил України призначений для планува...

 

Pocking. Pocking adalah kota yang terletak di distrik Passau di Bavaria, Jerman. Kota Pocking memiliki luas sebesar 68.82 km². Pocking pada tahun 2006, memiliki penduduk sebanyak 14.913 jiwa. lbsKota dan kotamadya di PassauAicha vorm Wald | Aidenbach | Aldersbach | Bad Füssing | Bad Griesbach im Rottal | Beutelsbach | Breitenberg | Büchlberg | Eging am See | Fürstenstein | Fürstenzell | Haarbach | Hauzenberg | Hofkirch...

 

Topaze-class cruiser For other ships with the same name, see HMS Amethyst. History United Kingdom NameHMS Amethyst BuilderElswick Naval Works, Armstrong Whitworth & Co[1] Yard number735 Laid downJanuary 1903 Launched5 November 1903 Completed17 March 1905 FateSold for scrap in 1920 General characteristics Class and typeTopaze-class protected cruiser Displacement3,000 tons Length360 ft (109.7 m) Beam40 ft (12.2 m) Draught14 ft 6 in (4.42 m) In...

British Conservative politician The Right HonourableSpencer Horatio WalpoleQCHome SecretaryIn office6 July 1866 – 17 May 1867Prime MinisterThe Earl of DerbyPreceded bySir George GreySucceeded byGathorne HardyIn office26 February 1858 – 3 March 1859Prime MinisterThe Earl of DerbyPreceded bySir George GreySucceeded byT. H. S. Sotheron-EstcourtIn office27 February 1852 – 19 December 1852Prime MinisterThe Earl of DerbyPreceded bySir George GreySucceeded byThe Visc...

 

Legal theory within anarchist philosophy Part of a series onAnarchism History Outline Schools of thought Feminist Green Primitivist Social ecology Total liberation Individualist Egoist Free-market Naturist Philosophical Mutualism Postcolonial African Black Queer Religious Christian Jewish Social Collectivist Parecon Communist Magonism Without adjectives Methodology Agorism Illegalism Insurrectionary Communization Expropriative Pacifist Platformism Especifismo Relationship Syndicalist Synthesi...

 

Division 2 Généralités Sport Handball Création 1960 Organisateur(s) Union royale belge de handball (URBH) Éditions 56e en 2018-2019 Catégorie National Périodicité Annuelle Lieu(x) Belgique Participants 10 équipes Statut des participants Amateurs Site web officiel http://handball.be et http://handbal.be Hiérarchie Hiérarchie 2e niveau Niveau supérieur Première Division National Niveau inférieur D1 LFHSuperliga Pour la compétition en cours voir : Division 2 2018-2019 m...

A sign designating an entrance to Stony Brook University's west campus The campus of Stony Brook University in Stony Brook, New York, consists of 213 buildings over 1,454 acres (588 ha) of land. It is the largest public university in the state of New York in terms of land area.[1] The campus was moved to Stony Brook in 1962 after originating in Oyster Bay, New York. The campus is divided into numerous sections, with County Route 97 (Nicolls Road) dividing the university's West a...

 

1970 song by Black Sabbath For other uses, see War pigs. War PigsSong by Black Sabbathfrom the album Paranoid Released18 September 1970 (1970-09-18)[1]Recorded1970Genre Heavy metal[2] stoner rock[3] Length7:57LabelVertigoSongwriter(s)Tony Iommi · Ozzy Osbourne · Geezer Butler · Bill WardProducer(s)Rodger BainAudio sampleWar Pigsfilehelp War Pigs is an anti-war protest song by English heavy metal band Black Sabbath, released in 1970. It is the opening ...