Der Deutsche Canadier

"The German Canadian" redirects here. For Canadians of German ancestry, see German Canadians.

Der Deutsche Canadier
Front page of the newspaper.
Front page of Der Deutsche Canadier, 26 July 1860
TypeWeekly newspaper
Founded1841
Political alignmentReform
LanguageGerman
Ceased publication1865
HeadquartersBerlin, Canada West (now Kitchener, Ontario)
ISSN0839-167X
OCLC number1119075046

Der Deutsche Canadier (English: The German Canadian; originally Der Deutsche Canadier und Neuigkeitsbote, English: The German Canadian and News Messenger) was a German-language weekly newspaper published in Berlin, Canada West (now Kitchener, Ontario), from 1841 to 1865. The Canadier was founded in January 1841 by Heinrich "Henry" Eby, son of Berlin's founder Benjamin Eby. It was among Upper Canada's first German-language newspapers and was the only one published in British North America from September 1841 through January 1848, during which time it was widely read across Canada.

In the 1840s, Canada West experienced an influx of German[a] immigrants who left Europe due to social and political upheaval. The Canadier directed its coverage towards the interests of these new immigrants, focusing on European politics and social happenings, especially those of Germany. Regarding Canadian politics, the newspaper was a reliable supporter of the Reform Party. As most new immigrants were artisans rather than farmers, readers demanded German prose and poetry, and the newspaper supplemented its political coverage with literary content.

Across its twenty-four year history, the newspaper went through numerous owners and editors. The instability which characterized its management left it unable to easily cope with competition. In 1859, the head of the Canadier's mechanical department, Friedrich Rittinger [de], abruptly left the newspaper to found the competing Berliner Journal. The Canadier folded in January 1865, with attempted revivals in the late 1860s failing quickly.

Background

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Waterloo Township in Upper Canada was primarily made up of Mennonites from Pennsylvania.[1] With an influx of European immigrants to Upper Canada beginning in the 1820s,[1] the presence of this German-speaking population attracted German settlers.[2][a] As the third-largest immigrant group to Canada in the nineteenth century after the English and French, German publications were in high demand.[4] The publications faced numerous obstacles to their success, including a short supply of German printers and typesetters. As well, most news items needed to be translated into German from English, a labour-intensive process, especially when dealing with more technical subjects.[5]

Canada Museum und Allgemeine Zeitung

Heinrich "Henry" Peterson
Heinrich "Henry" Peterson, proprietor of the Museum, who sold his printing press to Heinrich Eby in 1841.

In 1835, Heinrich Wilhelm Peterson[b] established Canada Museum und Allgemeine Zeitung in the hamlet of Berlin, Waterloo Township.[2] As Upper Canada's first German-language weekly newspaper,[2] the publication predated Berlin's first English newspaper by 18 years.[6] Peterson was born in Quakenbrück, Duchy of Oldenburg, on 27 May 1793, and his parents migrated to Baltimore, Maryland, when he was two years old.[2] Arriving in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in March 1803, he operated several German publications in Pennsylvania in the 1810s and 1820s before moving to Berlin in 1832.[7] Wanting to start another newspaper, but finding himself with little available capital, he relied on help from around 140 friends, 51 of whom became shareholders in the newspaper.[8] After a printing press was transported from Pennsylvania to Berlin via oxen,[9] he printed, published and edited the first issue of Museum, appearing on 27 August 1835.[10] His first apprentice, Heinrich Eby, the son of bishop and Berlin-founder Benjamin Eby, assisted in the production, printing a poem by the German poet Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart.[11]

The presence of the Museum in Berlin helped to emphasize the town's status as the centre of Upper Canada's German population.[9] The newspaper ran pieces advocating for Berlin to be the township's "district town",[9] while subscribers hoped it would help to preserve their language and traditional values.[12] Peterson became increasingly active in the community, leaving him with less time to sustain the publication of the Museum. He sold the German part of his printing business to Heinrich Eby, who had by that time been apprenticing under Peterson as a printer for four years.[13] The final issue of the Museum ran on 18 December 1840, with Peterson recommending Eby and Enslin's new German language newspaper, Der Deutsche Canadier, to all Museum subscribers.[14]

History

Heinrich Eby founded Der Deutsche Canadier und Neuigkeitsbote (The German Canadian and News Messenger)[15] in January 1841, serving as its first publisher and owner.[16][c] Basing the newspaper in Berlin, Eby built a printing office near the corner of King and South Eby Streets.[17] Upon its founding, the only other local German newspaper, Der Morgenstern, issued a piece warmly welcoming the Canadier.[18] In Der Morgenstern's final issue, dated 16 September 1841, its proprietor, Benjamin Burkholder, recommended readers subscribe to the Canadier.[19] Christian Enslin was the Canadier's first editor, holding the position for nine years.[20] A local bookbinder and seller of books, medicines and glasses, Enslin migrated from Württemberg to Berlin in 1833.[21] He worked as the associate editor of the Museum from December 1837 through November 1838.[22] The Canadier went through a series of editors, some only serving for a few months.[23][d] At the end of 1851, Eby sold the newspaper to his brother, Peter Eby, and in July 1856 Peter sold it to another brother, Elias Eby. Elias served a broader audience through publishing an English language newspaper as well, the Berlin Telegraph and Waterloo County Intelligencer, from 1853 to 1899.[24] The Telegraph and Der Deutsche Canadier were both published in a building owned by Peter Eby.[25][26]

Elias Eby sold the Canadier to Dougall McDougall in May 1857, who owned the newspaper until its final issue on 19 January 1865.[27] With frequent changes in ownership and many different editors, the paper experienced consistent instability in its management, with disputes between publisher and editor common. The most significant shock to the Canadier came when the head of its mechanical department, Friedrich Rittinger [de], left in 1859 to found the competing Berliner Journal with John Motz.[28] Entering into a prolonged feud with the Journal, the management of the Canadier found it too difficult to cope against the better run Journal.[29]

Following the Canadier's dissolution, William Moyer in the neighbouring village of Waterloo attempted to revive the newspaper by founding the Deutscher Canadier und Allgemeiner Anzeiger in November 1867. The attempt lasted less than two years, dissolving in October 1869. Another local, Wilhelm Raich, founded a Deutscher Canadier in September 1869 in opposition to Moyer's newspaper, but Raich's publication folded in January 1870.[30]

Content

Format and style

Early masthead
Later masthead
Different mastheads of Der Deutsche Canadier. The lower first appeared on 3 January 1861.

The format of the Canadier was nearly identical to that of its predecessor, the Museum.[30] As a weekly newspaper, subscribers paid CA$2.00 per year or CA$3.00 if receiving it by mail (equivalent to CA$50 and CA$80 in 2023) until 1852, at which time the prices were reduced to $1.50 in advance or $2.00 if in arrears three months (equivalent to CA$40 and CA$50 in 2023). Always four pages long, the dimensions of the newsprint expanded over time. Beginning with 20 × 14 inch paper (50.8 × 35.6 cm) and four large columns per page, the dimensions expanded to 22 × 16 inches (55.9 × 40.6 cm) for 1843–1844 before reverting to its original size; in 1848, it again expanded to its larger size, adding a fifth column to each page; in 1852, it added a sixth column.[31] In 1853, it again increased, this time to 25½ × 19½ inches (64.8 × 49.5 cm) and seven columns per page.[32] A motto that occasionally changed appeared beneath the newspaper's masthead, including Gott und mein Recht (God and my right) in 1841, and Gleichheit allein ist die unumstößliche Grundlage des Rechts (Equality alone is the firm foundation of justice) in 1855.[30]

In its written vocabulary, the newspaper occasionally used words from the local Pennsylvania German language,[24] including "Flauer" (flour) and "Klertsche" (clergy), amongst others.[33] Advertisements were mostly in German, but English ones appeared on occasion. Scholar Herbert Karl Kalbfleisch writes the newspaper was stylistically weak, which "offended the taste of some readers", though most did not complain.[33]

Coverage

A March 1848 extra edition of Der Deutsche Canadier covering the revolutions in Europe. The newspaper catered its coverage to recent German immigrants who remained interested in European political and social happenings.

In the 1840s, Canada West experienced another influx of German immigrants caused by poor agricultural conditions in Europe, as well as turbulent political conditions resulting from the German revolutions of 1848–1849.[34] The Canadier's flourishing period coincided with this population increase,[34] with historians John English and Kenneth McLaughlin describing the Canadier as "the most successful and widely read German newspaper in [Canada]".[35] From September 1841 through January 1848, Der Deutsche Canadier was the only German language newspaper in British North America.[36] The only circulation figure available is from the 2 January 1852 issue of the newspaper, with Peter Eby writing that the subscription list numbered almost one thousand. Kalbfleisch writes there is no way to confirm the figure, adding that some newspapers artificially inflated their subscriber numbers to attract advertisers.[27]

Though his father was a Mennonite, Heinrich Eby instead focused the paper towards the German culture of Berlin's new immigrants, cultivating a unique German-Canadian culture.[37] Though the new immigrants detested the German political system they left behind, they remained interested in the political and social events of Germany,[34] leading the newspaper to focus on European coverage.[24] The Canadier published an extra edition in March 1848 covering the revolutions in Europe, which Kalbfleisch suggests indicates how interested the readership remained in European news.[38]

Despite its focus on Europe, the Canadier covered Canadian political content, especially regarding its political and public institutions.[39] Kalbfleisch suggests the coverage of Canadian politics was framed in a way to encourage recent German immigrants to abandon "their lethargy toward public affairs which had characterized the behavior of many of them in the fatherland".[40] While the Museum attempted to be politically impartial,[41] it strongly denounced the rebellions of 1837–1838.[42] The Canadier, however, was consistently partisan through all of its owners and editors,[34] vehemently arguing for the Reform Party and describing the Tories as dishonest and corrupt.[43] The paper encouraged those Germans who could vote to support the Reform Party in all election contests.[34] Through the 1850s, McDougall's political connections helped him win the majority of Waterloo County's municipal printing contracts.[44][45] When the Liberal Party gifted him a gold watch in 1861 to recognize his services, the Berliner Journal criticized the gift as open bribery.[45] In December 1863, McDougall was proposed to be the county registrar of deeds, with the Journal strongly opposing the nomination and suggesting the "honest man" A. J. Peterson in his place.[44][45] Despite the opposition, McDougall won the position in 1864.[44]

As recent German immigrants were mostly made up of artisans rather than farmers, the readers of the Canadier demanded poetry and prose content,[34] pushing the paper to maintain "a high literary tone".[35] After Edward Lindemann became editor in October 1853, the amount of literary content greatly expanded,[43] including several of Lindemann's short stories.[46] Kalbfleisch writes that Lindemann "raised the quality of the Canadier appreciably and improved its literary tone".[20] After publishing a serial story from January through February 1854 – "Die Tochter der Riccarees, Lebensbilder aus Louisiana" by Friedrich Gerstäcker – the newspaper published at least one prose story instalment with each issue until it folded in January 1865.[47]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Before the unification of Germany in 1871, the use of "German" did not refer to a single nation state. Those who immigrated to Canada before the unification understood that their family had left an area of what became the German nation state or from an area that shared its culture and language.[3]
  2. ^ Peterson later anglicized his named as Henry William Peterson.[2]
  3. ^ The newspaper changed names to Der Deutsche Canadier (The German Canadian)[15] at an unspecified date.[5]
  4. ^ The editors of the Canadier include:[23]
    • Christian Enslin (January 1841 to January 1850)
    • Johann Jakob Ernst (January 1850 to June 1853)
    • F. B. J. Schwarz (June to October 1853)
    • Edward Lindemann (October 1853 to April 1856)
    • Friedrich Keller (April to June 1856)
    • H. Th. Legler (July 1856 to 23 June 1858)
    • Dougall McDougall (23 June 1858 to 19 January 1865)

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b English & McLaughlin 1983, p. 9.
  2. ^ a b c d e Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 18.
  3. ^ Bloomfield 1995, p. 214.
  4. ^ Löchte 2008, p. 107.
  5. ^ a b Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 30.
  6. ^ McKegney 1991, p. 8.
  7. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 18–19.
  8. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 19.
  9. ^ a b c English & McLaughlin 1983, p. 12.
  10. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 18, 20.
  11. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 22, 24.
  12. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 20.
  13. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 24.
  14. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 24, 116n3.
  15. ^ a b Frisse 2005, p. 855.
  16. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 30–31.
  17. ^ Uttley 1975, p. 70.
  18. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 29.
  19. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 28, 30.
  20. ^ a b Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 31.
  21. ^ Leibbrandt 1980, p. 147.
  22. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 23, 31.
  23. ^ a b Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 31–32.
  24. ^ a b c Tiessen 2004, p. 369.
  25. ^ English & McLaughlin 1983, pp. 36–37.
  26. ^ McKegney 1991, p. 12.
  27. ^ a b Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 32.
  28. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 40.
  29. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 32–33, 40.
  30. ^ a b c Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 33.
  31. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 33–34.
  32. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 31, 34.
  33. ^ a b Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 39.
  34. ^ a b c d e f Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 34.
  35. ^ a b English & McLaughlin 1983, p. 22.
  36. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 44.
  37. ^ English & McLaughlin 1983, p. 32.
  38. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 34–36.
  39. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 36.
  40. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 36–37.
  41. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 23.
  42. ^ Hayes 1997, p. 16.
  43. ^ a b Leibbrandt 1980, p. 148.
  44. ^ a b c Hayes 1997, p. 83.
  45. ^ a b c Kalbfleisch 1961, pp. 79–80, quoted in Hayes 1997, p. 259n2.
  46. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, pp. 31, 38.
  47. ^ Kalbfleisch 1968, p. 38.

Sources

  • Bloomfield, Elizabeth (1995). Waterloo Township Through Two Centuries. Kitchener: Waterloo Historical Society. ISBN 0-9699719-0-7.
  • English, John; McLaughlin, Kenneth (1983). Kitchener: An Illustrated History. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 0-88920-137-4.
  • Frisse, Ulrich (2005). "Ontario, German-language press in". In Adam, Thomas (ed.). Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. Vol. 3. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 855–857. ISBN 1-85109-633-7.
  • Hayes, Geoffrey (1997). Waterloo County: An Illustrated History. Kitchener: Waterloo Historical Society. ISBN 0-9699719-1-5.
  • Kalbfleisch, Herbert Karl (1961). "Among the Editors of Ontario German Newspapers". Canadian-German Folklore. 1: 78–85. ISSN 0576-5277.
  • Kalbfleisch, Herbert Karl (1968). The History of the Pioneer German Language Press of Ontario, 1835–1918. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-1579-2.
  • Leibbrandt, Gottlieb (1980). Little Paradise: The Saga of the German Canadians of Waterloo County, Ontario 1800–1975. Translated by Weissenborn, G. K. Kitchener: Allprint Co. ISBN 0-919207-01-4.
  • Löchte, Anne (2008). ""We dont want Kiser to rool in Ontario": Franco-Prussian War, German unification, and World War I as reflected in the Canadian Berliner Journal (1859–1918)". In Schulze, Mathias; Skidmore, James M.; John, David G.; Liebscher, Grit; Siebel-Achenbach, Sebastian (eds.). German Diasporic Experiences: Identity, Migration, and Loss. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 107–116. ISBN 978-1-55458-027-9.
  • McKegney, Patricia P. (1991). The Kaiser's Bust: A Study of War-Time Propaganda in Berlin, Ontario, 1914–1918. Wellesley: University of Bamberg Press. ISBN 0-9695356-0-0.
  • Tiessen, Hildi Froese (2004). "Reading and Publishing in Mennonite Communities". In Lamonde, Yvan [in French]; Fleming, Patricia Lockhart; Black, Fiona A. (eds.). History of the Book in Canada: 1840–1918. Vol. 2. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 369–374. ISBN 0-8020-8943-7.
  • Uttley, W. V. (Ben) (1975) [1937]. Noonan, Gerald (ed.). A History of Kitchener, Ontario. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 0-88920-024-6.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Der Deutsche Canadier.

Read other articles:

Popolocrois Monogatari

Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Popolocrois Monogatari – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR PopoloCrois Monogatari[[Berkas:Popolocrois-ps1boxart.jpg |256px|Sampul Permainan PopoloCrois Monogatari]] Tipeseri permainan vid...

 

 

Peter Stormare

Peter StormarePeter Stormare at Gröna Lund in 2008LahirRolf Peter Ingvar Storm27 Agustus 1953 (umur 70)Kumla, SwedenPekerjaanActor, voice actor, theatre director, playwright, musicianTahun aktif1978–presentSuami/istriKaren Sillas(1989–2006; divorced)Toshimi Stormare(2008–present)Anak1Situs webwww.stormare.se Rolf Peter Ingvar Storm atau dikenal dengan nama Peter Stormare (pengucapan bahasa Swedia: [ˈpeːtɛr ²stɔrːmarɛ] simakⓘ) (lahir 27 Agustus 1953) adalah...

 

 

العلاقات الإماراتية الساموية

العلاقات الإماراتية الساموية الإمارات العربية المتحدة ساموا   الإمارات العربية المتحدة   ساموا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الإماراتية الساموية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين الإمارات العربية المتحدة وساموا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين ال...

Siddique (pemeran)

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Siddique (sutradara). Siddique (സിദ്ദിഖ്)Siddique pada pertempuan AMMA di KochiLahir1 Oktober 1962Ernakulam, Kerala, India Siddique (bahasa Malayalam: സിദ്ദിഖ്) adalah seorang aktor, produser, dan pembawa acara televisi film Malayalam. Ia memulai karier filmnya dengan berperan menjadi pemeran komedi dan kemudian tampil dalam berbagai peran.[1] Kehidupan pribadi Putra sulungnya, Shaheen Siddique membuat debutnya dengan film...

 

 

Harold Arlen

American composer of popular music (1905–1986) Not to be confused with Harold Arlin. Harold ArlenArlen in 1960BornHyman Arluck(1905-02-15)February 15, 1905Buffalo, New York, U.S.DiedApril 23, 1986(1986-04-23) (aged 81)New York City, U.S.Resting placeFerncliff CemeteryOccupationComposerSpouse Anya Taranda ​ ​(m. 1937; died 1970)​ChildrenAdopted his brother's son in 1985[1] Harold Arlen (born Hyman Arluck; February 15, 1905 – Apri...

 

 

NASCAR Seri Piala Sprint musim 2013

NASCAR Seri Piala Sprint 2013 Sebelum: 2012 Sesudah: 2014 Jimmie Johnson (foto 2018) meraih gelar Seri Piala keenamnya di musim 2013. NASCAR Seri Piala Sprint 2013 merupakan musim ke 65 dari NASCAR Seri Piala Sprint. Musim ini berlangsung dari bulan Februari 2013 lewat Daytona 500 di Daytona International Speedway dan berakhir pada bulan November dalam Ford 400 di Homestead-Miami Speedway. Brad Keselowski bersama tim Penske Racing adalah juara bertahan di musim 2013 namun ia gagal mempertaha...

Raymond Howard (Wiccan)

English Wiccan fl.1960s For the politician, see Raymond Howard (politician). For Raymond Howard who disappeared in Arkansas in 1997, see Lela and Raymond Howard. Howard with the Head of Atho Raymond Howard was an English practitioner of the modern Pagan new religious movement of Wicca. He promoted his tradition, known as the Coven of Atho, through a correspondence course established in the early part of the 1960s. In the late 1950s, Howard lived in Charlwood, Surrey, where he worked for the p...

 

 

Aire d'attraction de Gourdon

Aire d'attraction de Gourdon Localisation de l'aire d'attraction de Gourdon dans le département du Lot. Géographie Pays France Régions Nouvelle-Aquitaine - Occitanie Départements Dordogne, Lot Caractéristiques Type Aire d'attraction d'une ville Code Insee 410 Catégorie Aires de moins de 50 000 habitants Nombre de communes 22 soit 21 (Lot) + 1 (Dordogne) Population 12 702 hab. (2021) modifier  L'aire d'attraction de Gourdon est un zonage d'étude défini par l'I...

 

 

Bankside

Human settlement in EnglandBanksideBankside including the Tate ModernBanksideLocation within Greater LondonOS grid referenceTQ319805London boroughSouthwarkCeremonial countyGreater LondonRegionLondonCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townLONDONPostcode districtSE1Dialling code020PoliceMetropolitanFireLondonAmbulanceLondon UK ParliamentBermondsey and Old SouthwarkLondon AssemblyLambeth and Southwark List of places UK England London 51°...

1961 en Bretagne

Cet article est une ébauche concernant la Bretagne et l’histoire. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Chronologies Données clés 1958 1959 1960  1961  1962 1963 1964Décennies :1930 1940 1950  1960  1970 1980 1990Siècles :XVIIIe XIXe  XXe  XXIe XXIIeMillénaires :-Ier Ier  IIe  IIIe Chronologies géographiques Afrique Afrique du Sud, Algéri...

 

 

Virgin Galactic Unity 22

2021 American crewed sub-orbital spaceflight Virgin Galactic Unity 22VSS Unity in February 2016Mission typeCrewed suborbital spaceflightOperatorVirgin GalacticWebsitewww.virgingalactic.comApogee86.182 kilometres (53.551 miles) Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraftVSS UnitySpacecraft typeSpaceShipTwoManufacturerThe Spaceship Company CrewMembersDavid MackayMichael MasucciSirisha BandlaColin BennettBeth MosesRichard Branson Start of missionLaunch date11 July 2021, 15:04 UTCLaunch siteSpaceport America...

 

 

Emi Takei

Emi TakeiNama asal武井 咲Lahir25 Desember 1993 (umur 30)Nagoya, JepangPekerjaanAktris, model, dan penyanyiTahun aktif2007-sekarangAgenOscar PromotionTinggi163 m (534 ft 9+1⁄2 in)Suami/istriTakahiro ​(m. 2017)​ [1][2]Anak1Situs webbeamie.jp/t/emi_takei.html Emi Takei (武井 咲code: ja is deprecated , Takei Emi, lahir 25 Desember 1993) adalah seorang aktris, penyanyi, dan model fashion berkebangsaan Jepang.&#...

Вересковый тетерев

† Вересковый тетерев Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:ЗавропсидыК�...

 

 

Pekka Himanen

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Pekka. Pekka HimanenPekka Himanen en 2006BiographieNaissance 19 octobre 1973 (50 ans)HelsinkiNationalité FinlandeFormation philosophieActivités Philosophe, informaticienAutres informationsA travaillé pour Université de Californie à Berkeleymodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Pekka Himanen est un philosophe finlandais. Il travaille, entre autres, sur les aspects philosophique et sociologique de l'informatique. Biographie Il est élève d...

 

 

Leonardo da Vinci Engineering School

French engineering school This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Leonardo da Vinci Engineering School – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Leonard de Vinci Engineering SchoolTypeEngineering SchoolEstablished1994FounderCharles Pasq...

LeBreton Flats

Neighbourhood in Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaLeBreton FlatsNeighbourhoodNickname(s): The Flats, LeBretonLocation of LeBreton Flats in OttawaCoordinates: 45°24′56″N 75°43′04″W / 45.41556°N 75.71778°W / 45.41556; -75.71778CountryCanadaProvinceOntarioCityOttawaGovernment • MPsYasir Naqvi • MPPsJoel Harden • CouncillorsAriel TrosterArea • Total0.84 km2 (0.32 sq mi)Elevation60 m (200 ft)Po...

 

 

Racism in Europe

Overview of racism in Europe Racism has been a recurring part of the history of Europe. Part of a series onDiscrimination Forms Institutional Structural Statistical Taste-based Attributes Age Caste Class Dialect Disability Genetic Hair texture Height Language Looks Mental disorder Race / Ethnicity Skin color Scientific racism Rank Sex Sexual orientation Species Size Viewpoint Social Arophobia Acephobia Adultism Anti-albinism Anti-autism Anti-homelessness Anti-drug addicts Anti-intell...

 

 

酶抑制剂

此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2018年8月26日)若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记{{Translated page}}标签。 通常结合底物的一个酶结合位点可以替代地结合競爭性抑制劑，防止底物进入。 二氢叶酸还原酶被甲氨蝶呤�...

Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry

Canadian minister This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Minister of Innovation, Science and IndustryMinistre de l'innovation, des sciences et de l'i...

 

 

Android 12

Android 12Android ファミリー 開発者 Googleウェブサイト developer.android.com/about/versions/12最新の安定版 12.1.0_r8 (SQ3A.220605.009.B1)[1] - 2022年6月6日 (2年前) (2022-06-06)カーネル型 モノリシックカーネル（Linuxカーネル）先行品 Android 11後続品 Android 13サポート状態 サポート中[3] Android 12は、Googleが主導するOpen Handset Allianceによって開発されたモバイルオペレーティングシ...