In topology, a branch of mathematics, a Dehn surgery, named after Max Dehn, is a construction used to modify 3-manifolds. The process takes as input a 3-manifold together with a link. It is often conceptualized as two steps: drilling then filling.

• Given a 3-manifold ${\displaystyle M}$ and a link ${\displaystyle L\subset M}$, the manifold ${\displaystyle M}$ drilled along ${\displaystyle L}$ is obtained by removing an open tubular neighborhood of ${\displaystyle L}$ from ${\displaystyle M}$. If ${\displaystyle L=L_{1}\cup \dots \cup L_{k}}$, the drilled manifold has ${\displaystyle k}$ torus boundary components ${\displaystyle T_{1}\cup \dots \cup T_{k}}$. The manifold ${\displaystyle M}$ drilled along ${\displaystyle L}$ is also known as the link complement, since if one removed the corresponding closed tubular neighborhood from ${\displaystyle M}$, one obtains a manifold diffeomorphic to ${\displaystyle M\setminus L}$.
• Given a 3-manifold whose boundary is made of 2-tori ${\displaystyle T_{1}\cup \dots \cup T_{k}}$, we may glue in one solid torus by a homeomorphism (resp. diffeomorphism) of its boundary to each of the torus boundary components ${\displaystyle T_{i}}$ of the original 3-manifold. There are many inequivalent ways of doing this, in general. This process is called Dehn filling.
• Dehn surgery on a 3-manifold containing a link consists of drilling out a tubular neighbourhood of the link together with Dehn filling on all the components of the boundary corresponding to the link.

In order to describe a Dehn surgery,^[1] one picks two oriented simple closed curves ${\displaystyle m_{i}}$ and ${\displaystyle \ell _{i}}$ on the corresponding boundary torus ${\displaystyle T_{i}}$ of the drilled 3-manifold, where ${\displaystyle m_{i}}$ is a meridian of ${\displaystyle L_{i}}$ (a curve staying in a small ball in ${\displaystyle M}$ and having linking number +1 with ${\displaystyle L_{i}}$ or, equivalently, a curve that bounds a disc that intersects once the component ${\displaystyle L_{i}}$) and ${\displaystyle \ell _{i}}$ is a longitude of ${\displaystyle T_{i}}$ (a curve travelling once along ${\displaystyle L_{i}}$ or, equivalently, a curve on ${\displaystyle T_{i}}$ such that the algebraic intersection ${\displaystyle \langle \ell _{i},m_{i}\rangle }$ is equal to +1). The curves ${\displaystyle m_{i}}$ and ${\displaystyle \ell _{i}}$ generate the fundamental group of the torus ${\displaystyle T_{i}}$, and they form a basis of its first homology group. This gives any simple closed curve ${\displaystyle \gamma _{i}}$ on the torus ${\displaystyle T_{i}}$ two coordinates ${\displaystyle a_{i}}$ and ${\displaystyle b_{i}}$, so that ${\displaystyle [\gamma _{i}]=[a_{i}\ell _{i}+b_{i}m_{i}]}$. These coordinates only depend on the homotopy class of ${\displaystyle \gamma _{i}}$.

We can specify a homeomorphism of the boundary of a solid torus to ${\displaystyle T_{i}}$ by having the meridian curve of the solid torus map to a curve homotopic to ${\displaystyle \gamma _{i}}$. As long as the meridian maps to the surgery slope ${\displaystyle [\gamma _{i}]}$, the resulting Dehn surgery will yield a 3-manifold that will not depend on the specific gluing (up to homeomorphism). The ratio ${\displaystyle b_{i}/a_{i}\in \mathbb {Q} \cup \{\infty \}}$ is called the surgery coefficient of ${\displaystyle L_{i}}$.

In the case of links in the 3-sphere or more generally an oriented integral homology sphere, there is a canonical choice of the longitudes ${\displaystyle \ell _{i}}$: every longitude is chosen so that it is null-homologous in the knot complement—equivalently, if it is the boundary of a Seifert surface.

When the ratios ${\displaystyle b_{i}/a_{i}}$ are all integers (note that this condition does not depend on the choice of the longitudes, since it corresponds to the new meridians intersecting exactly once the ancient meridians), the surgery is called an integral surgery. Such surgeries are closely related to handlebodies, cobordism and Morse functions.

• If all surgery coefficients are infinite, then each new meridian ${\displaystyle \gamma _{i}}$ is homotopic to the ancient meridian ${\displaystyle m_{i}}$. Therefore the homeomorphism-type of the manifold is unchanged by the surgery.

• If ${\displaystyle M}$ is the 3-sphere, ${\displaystyle L}$ is the unknot, and the surgery coefficient is ${\displaystyle 0}$, then the surgered 3-manifold is ${\displaystyle \mathbb {S} ^{2}\times \mathbb {S} ^{1}}$.

• If ${\displaystyle M}$ is the 3-sphere, ${\displaystyle L}$ is the unknot, and the surgery coefficient is ${\displaystyle b/a}$, then the surgered 3-manifold is the lens space ${\displaystyle L(b,a)}$. In particular if the surgery coefficient is of the form ${\displaystyle \pm 1/r}$, then the surgered 3-manifold is still the 3-sphere.

• If ${\displaystyle M}$ is the 3-sphere, ${\displaystyle L}$ is the right-handed trefoil knot, and the surgery coefficient is ${\displaystyle +1}$, then the surgered 3-manifold is the Poincaré dodecahedral space.

Every closed, orientable, connected 3-manifold is obtained by performing Dehn surgery on a link in the 3-sphere. This result, the Lickorish–Wallace theorem, was first proven by Andrew H. Wallace in 1960 and independently by W. B. R. Lickorish in a stronger form in 1962. Via the now well-known relation between genuine surgery and cobordism, this result is equivalent to the theorem that the oriented cobordism group of 3-manifolds is trivial, a theorem originally proved by Vladimir Abramovich Rokhlin in 1951.

Since orientable 3-manifolds can all be generated by suitably decorated links, one might ask how distinct surgery presentations of a given 3-manifold might be related. The answer is called the Kirby calculus.

• Hyperbolic Dehn surgery
• Tubular neighborhood
• Surgery on manifolds, in the general sense, also called spherical modification.

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• Rolfsen, Dale (1976), Knots and links (PDF), Mathematics lecture series, vol. 346, Berkeley, California: Publish or Perish, ISBN 9780914098164
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