David Spindler is an independent American scholar and an authority [1] on the Great Wall of China. Writing in The New Yorker in 2007, Peter Hessler called him "a leading expert on the Wall’s history and construction." [2] He has made more than 400 trips to the Wall. Spindler's research focuses on the Ming Dynasty, and specifically how the Wall was used at that time in response to China's northern neighbors, the Mongols, who had conquered China once and might do again.[3]
In a review of recent work in the field, the scholar Arthur Waldron explained that Spindler resisted explanations that the Ming was "too weak to fight and too proud to talk," and so the rulers relied on walls that failed to protect them. He likewise resisted the symbolic explanation that the wall represented either xenophobia or chauvinism. Spindler held that in fact the Ming strategy was practical and flexible, using walls where they could be effective, such as around the capital. Waldron, however, add that Spindler does not deal with the various roles that the wall played over the centuries as China changed.[4]
