Daniel McFarlan Moore (February 27, 1869 – June 15, 1936) was an American electrical engineer and inventor. He developed a novel light source, the "Moore lamp", and a business that produced them in the early 1900s. The Moore lamp was the first commercially viable light-source based on gas discharges instead of incandescence; it was the predecessor to contemporary neon lighting and fluorescent lighting.[1] In his later career Moore developed a miniature neon lamp that was extensively used in electronic displays, as well as vacuum tubes that were used in early television systems.
Early life
He was born in Northumberland, Pennsylvania, on February 27, 1869. Moore was the son of the Reverend Alexander Davis and Maria Louisa Douglas Moore. He graduated from Lehigh University in 1889.[2][3] Moore married Mary Alice Elliott, of New York City, on June 5, 1895. They had three children: Dorothy Mae Moore, (1900-1990); Elliott McFarlan Moore (1902–1933); and Beatrice Jean Moore, (1912-2007).
Career
He began his career in 1890 working in the engineering department of the United Edison Manufacturing Company.[2] At some point he started experimenting with producing light from glow discharges, which Heinrich Geissler had first developed in the 1850s. "What's wrong with my light?" Thomas Edison is said to have asked when he learned that Moore had started to tinker with light-producing tubes of gas as a potential replacement for the incandescent bulb. Moore is reported to have replied undiplomatically, "It's too small, too hot and too red."[4] Moore left in 1894 to form his own companies, the Moore Electric Company and the Moore Light Company.[5]
The Moore lamp
1904 photograph illustrating interior lighting by the first installation of Moore tubes in a hardware store in Newark, New Jersey.
Moore had devised his glow discharge lighting system by 1896.[1] The Moore Lamp was an extension of the well-known Geissler tube, which used glass tubes from which the air had been removed and a different gas inserted. The low-pressure gas glows when a current is passed through it. As described in 1915, "In the Moore system of lighting the essential feature is the introduction of a special valve which automatically admits gas into the tube as the supply becomes exhausted."[6] The Moore lamps utilized nitrogen or carbon dioxide as the luminous gas; Moore's innovation compensated for the gradual loss of gas in the lamp to the electrodes and the glass. Carbon dioxide gave a good quality white light. The first commercial installation was done in 1904 in a hardware store in Newark, New Jersey.[5] The lamp yielded about 10 lumens per watt, which was about triple the output of incandescent lights based on carbon filaments.[4] Arthur Bright has written, "Despite the fact that the tube was expensive to install, complicated, and required very high voltages, its operating advantages were great enough for it to find restricted use in stores, offices, and similar general lighting uses as well as in photography and some advertising and decorative applications."[7][5]
The modest success of the Moore tubes was among the drivers for developing better filaments for standard incandescent light bulbs. Tungsten filament bulbs were a sufficient improvement over carbon filaments that the Moore tubes "gradually disappeared from the market, leaving only short carbon-dioxide tubes in use for color matching, in which they excelled because of their daylight color. The General Electric Company absorbed the two Moore companies and Moore's patents in 1912. Moore himself rejoined General Electric's laboratory force."[5]
Miniature neon lamp
Three miniature neon lamps; each is about 0.75 inches long. The voltages across the lamps are left: DC (left lead positive), middle: DC (right lead positive), and right: AC.
Moore's inventions at General Electric included a miniature neon lamp that remained a fixture in electronic displays throughout the twentieth century, and was a forerunner of plasma displays. Both the lamp and his further inventions were also important to the early development of television. In particular, around 1917 Moore developed a "negative glow" neon lamp.[8] These were miniature lamps with a very different design than the much larger neon tubes used for neon lighting; a Smithsonian Institution website notes, "These small, low power devices use a physical principle called 'coronal discharge.' Moore mounted two electrodes close together in a bulb and added neon or argon gas. The electrodes would glow brightly in red or blue, depending on the gas, and the lamps lasted for years. Since the electrodes could take almost any shape imaginable, a popular application has been fanciful decorative lamps. Glow lamps found practical use as indicators in instrument panels and in many home appliances until the acceptance of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the 1970s."[4] In 1924 he invented the vacuum bulbs used in what was at that time called "telephotography" (sending still pictures by electricity or radio), and in 1925 improved the invention for use in television.[3][9]
On June 15, 1936, at the age of 67, Moore was shot to death on the lawn of his home in East Orange, New Jersey, by an unemployed inventor who became enraged after finding that an invention he filed for was already the subject of a patent granted to Moore.[11][12]
^ ab"Practical Television". Time. January 23, 1928. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010. Retrieved 2008-05-26. A shy man, pallid from years spent indoors over books and work tables, attended the demonstrations in Schenectady last week. He was Daniel McFarlan Moore, 58, known well wherever electrical technicians congregate, but little elsewhere. Graduated from Lehigh University in 1889 he at once found work with Thomas Alva Edison's Edison Co. Later he organized his own light and electric companies and, after 18 years, sold them to General Electric. Four years ago he invented vacuum bulbs used in telephotography (sending still pictures by electricity or radio); three years ago he improved the bulb so that it would transmit moving pictures. His present researches seek to make lamps that will give light without heat. Towards that goal he has made some progress. On his inventions the Government has granted 100 patents. His home is at East Orange, N. J., not far from that of Mr. Edison.
^US patent 1316967, Daniel McFarlan Moore, "Gaseous Conduction Lamp", issued 1919-09-23, assigned to General Electric Company
^Lankes, L. R. (1979). "Historical Sketch of Televisions Progress". In Fielding, Raymond (ed.). A Technological History of Motion Pictures and Television: An Anthology from the Pages of the Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. University of California Press. p. 233. ISBN9780520039810.
^"Franklin Laureate Database". Retrieved 2010-11-20. D. McFarlan Moore; Year: 1911; Subject: Engineering; Award: Scott - on behalf of City of Phila; Citation: Vacuum tube electric light
^"Inventor Is Slain Near Jersey Home". The New York Times. June 16, 1936. Retrieved 2008-05-26. Footprint A Clue. D.M. Moore, Electrical Expert, Shot Down Outside Garage In East Orange At Dawn. Assailant Knew Of Plans Victim Arose Earlier Than Usual To Start Trip. Had No Enemies, Police Say. The distinguished career of Daniel McFarlan Moore, whose electrical researches and inventions brought the cooperation and applause of Thomas A. Edison, Sir William Ramsay and other eminent scientists, came to an abrupt and tragic end here early this morning at the hand of an unknown assassin.
^"Moore Murder Key Is Seen By Police In Jersey Suicide". The New York Times. June 17, 1936. Retrieved 2008-05-26. An extraordinary series of coincidences attending the murder Monday morning in East Orange, N.J., of Daniel McFarlan Moore, eminent engineer, and the suicide yesterday of Jean Philip Gebhardt at New Monmouth, N.J., has caused the authorities to center the murder investigation on the suicide.
