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Daigaku-ryō (大学寮) was the former Imperial university of Japan, founded at the end of the 7th century.^[1] The Daigaku-ryō predates the Heian period, continuing in various forms through the early Meiji period. The director of the Daigaku-ryō was called the Daigaku-no-kami.^[2]

The Daigaku-ryō was located near the Suzakumon at southern border of Kyoto's grid. In the 12th century, the original structure was destroyed by fire, and it was not rebuilt.^[3]

Ritsuryō organization

The Daigaku-ryō was reorganized in 701.^[1] It became part of the Ministry of the Civil Services (式部省, Shikibu-shō), also known as the "Ministry of Legislative Direction and Public Instruction".^[4] Among other duties, this ministry collected and maintained biographical archives of meritorious subjects,^[5] and those who would carry out the functions of the ministry were trained at the Daigaku-ryō.^[1]

The Director or head of the academy (大学頭, Daigaku-no-kami) was responsible for the examination of students and the celebration of festivals associated with Confucius and his disciples.^[6]

Educational authorities associated with the Daigaku-ryō included:

Chief experts on the history of Japan and China (紀伝博士,, Kiden hakase).^[2]
Chief experts on classical Chinese works (明経博士,, Myōgyō hakase).^[2]
Chief experts on jurisprudence of Japan and China (明法博士,, Myōbō hakase).^[2]
Chief experts on mathematics (算博士,, San hakase).^[2]
Instructors of Japanese and Chinese literature (直講,, Chok'kō) -- two positions.^[2]
Instructors in pronunciation of words (音博士,, On hakase) -- two positions.^[2]
Instructors in calligraphy (書博士,, Sho hakase) -- two positions.^[2]

History

Prince Yamabe (who later became Emperor Kanmu) was Daigaku-no-kami in 766 (Tenpyō-jingo 2).^[7]

The institution had become a hollow shell by the Engi era (901-923), but its fortunes revived somewhat under the patronage of Emperor Daigo.^[8]

May 27, 1177 (Angen 3, 28th day, 4th month): A fire burned the university structure to ashes.^[9]

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Daigaku-ryō" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 138, p. 138, at Google Books.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 428., p. 428, at Google Books
^ Taylor, Insup et al. (1995). Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, p. 365., p. 365, at Google Books
^ Ministry of Civil Administration Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine, Sheffield.
^ Ury, Marian. (1999). "Chinese Learning and Intellectual Life," The Cambridge history of Japan: Heian Japan, p. 361.
^ Sansom, George Bailey. (1932). "Early Japanese Law and Administration," Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, p. 83, p. 83, at Google Books.
^ Goethem, Ellen Van. (2008). Nagaoka: Japan's Forgotten Capital, p. 21 n45, p. 21, at Google Books; Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869, p. 100.
^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 103.
^ Minakata Kumagusu and F. Victor Dickens. (1905). "A Japanese Thoreau of the Twelfth Century," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, p. 238., p. 238, at Google Books

References

Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869. Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 182637732
Sansom, George Bailey. (1932). "Early Japanese Law and Administration," Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. Tokyo: Kegan Paul Trench Trubner & Co. OCLC 254862976
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon (Nihon Odai Ichiran). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691