Daboia palaestinae

Daboia palaestinae
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Viperidae
Genus: Daboia
Species:
D. palaestinae
Binomial name
Daboia palaestinae
F. Werner, 1938
Synonyms[2]
  • Vipera palaestinae F. Werner, 1938
  • Vipera xanthina palaestinae
    — Mertens, 1952
  • Vipera palistinae [sic] Minton, 1971
  • Daboia (Daboia) palaestinae
    — Obst, 1983
  • Daboia palestinae [sic]
    — Esterbauer, 1987
  • Vipera palgestinae [sic]
    Garcia, Huang & Perez, 1989
  • Vipera palaestinae
    — Golay et al., 1993

Daboia palaestinae, also known as the Palestine viper,[3][4][5][6] is a viper species endemic to the Levant.[2][5] Like all vipers, it is venomous. It is considered a leading cause of snakebite within its range.[7] No subspecies are currently recognized.[8]

Description

D. palaestinae

It grows to an average total length (body + tail) of 70 to 90 cm (28 to 35 in), with a maximum total length of 130 cm (51 in).[3] The head is triangular, distinct from the neck and covered by small scales. The upper part of the body is colored by large dark rhomboid blotches sometimes forming a zig-zag pattern.[9]

The harmless coin-marked snake, which lives in the same areas as the Palestine viper, resembles it in length, coloration and defensive behavior, to the extent that people frequently get confused between them. This is probably a case of Batesian mimicry.[10]

Geographic range

It is found in northern and central Israel, Palestine, western Syria, northwestern Jordan, and Lebanon.[2][5][6] In 2017 a specimen was found in Turkey.[11] Mallow et al. (2003) describe the range as relatively restricted, with the distribution being concentrated in the Mediterranean coastal plains to the inland hills of Lebanon and Israel, along with the adjoining regions of Syria and Jordan.[3]

The type locality given is "Haifa, Israel".[2]

Conservation status

This species is classified as Least Concern (LC) according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (v3.1, 2001).[6] It was given this status due to its relatively wide distribution, the fact that it is found in a wide range of habitats, its presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The population trend is unknown. Year assessed: 2005.[12]

Taxonomy

The classification of this species has resulted in much taxonomic controversy. Before Franz Werner (1938), this snake was included in Montivipera xanthina, and subsequently synonymized with V. lebetina by Boulenger (1896). Mertens (1952) moved it back to M. xanthina as a subspecies, and more recently a number of authorities, including Obst (1983) and Mallow et al. (2003) have included it as part of the genus Daboia.[3] The result is that many studies related to this medically significant species have been published under different scientific names.[3]

Venom

The LD50 of this viper's venom is 0.34 mg/kg.[13] Since the second half of the 20th century there is an antivenom for this snake's venom, which is considered safe and effective.[14][15] But occasionally people still die from this snake's bite. The mortality rate of people who were bitten is 0.5% to 2%.[16] At least 7 people were reported to die of this snake's bite in the 21st century in Israel so far.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

The venom includes at least four families of pharmacologically active compounds: (i) neurotoxins; (ii) hemorrhagins; (iii) angioneurin growth factors; and (iv) different types of integrin inhibitors.[16]

Reproduction

The copulation of this snake takes place around May.[24] Unlike most other vipers, who are viviparous,[25] this snake is oviparous.[24] It lays eggs around August and the eggs hatch 1.5–2 months after that.[26][24] The young snakes can bite and kill their prey with a developed venom apparatus.[26]

In culture

This snake is probably mentioned in a list of venomous snakes in ancient Egypt, that appears in the Brooklyn Papyrus from the first millennium BC.[27]

Some modern scholars and commentators have identified the צפע (pronounced Tsefa/Zefa) snake mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as this snake species.[26][28] The name given to this snake in modern Hebrew is צפע מצוי (common Tsefa).[29]

The code phrase “Nahash Tsefa” (Viper Snake) was broadcast on the radio and TV to instruct Israeli citizens to put on their gas masks during missile attacks from Iraq against Israel, in the first Gulf War in 1991.[30]

In the Israeli Air Force the Bell AH-1 Cobra helicopter was named Tzefa.[31] The IDF's paratroopers battalion #202 is called Tzefa Battalion.[32]

In 2018 the viper was declared Israel's national snake.[33]

References

  1. ^ Hraoui-Bloquet, S.; Sadek, R.; Werner, Y. (2009). "Daboia palaestinae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T61495A12482149. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T61495A12482149.en. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  3. ^ a b c d e Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  4. ^ Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
  5. ^ a b c O'Shea, Mark (2008). Venomous Snakes of the World (Illustrated ed.). New Holland Publishers. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-84773-086-2.[permanent dead link‍]
  6. ^ a b c Daboia palaestinae at the IUCN Red List. Accessed 2 September 2007.
  7. ^ U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
  8. ^ "Vipera palaestinae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
  9. ^ El‐Oran, Ratib M.; Al‐Melhem, Walid N.; Amr, Zuhair S. (1994-01-01). "Snakes of southern Jordan". Bollettino di zoologia. 61 (4): 364. doi:10.1080/11250009409355907. ISSN 0373-4137.
  10. ^ Yehuda L. Werner & Eliezer Frankenberg (1982), HEAD TRIANGULATION IN TWO COLUBRINE SNAKES: PROBABLE BEHAVIOURAL REINFORCEMENT OF BATESIAN MIMICRY, Israel Journal of Zoology, 31:3-4, 137-150, DOI: 10.1080/00212210.1982.10688526
  11. ^ Göçmen, B., Karış, M., Özmen, E. and Oğuz, M. A. (2018). First record of the Palestine Viper Vipera palaestinae (Sepentes: Viperidae) from Anatolia. South Western Journal of Horticulture, Biology and Environment, 9: 87–90.
  12. ^ 2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1) at the IUCN Red List. Accessed 2 September 2007.
  13. ^ Senji Laxme, R. R.; Khochare, Suyog; Attarde, Saurabh; Kaur, Navneet; Jaikumar, Priyanka; Shaikh, Naeem Yusuf; Aharoni, Reuven; Primor, Naftali; Hawlena, Dror; Moran, Yehu; Sunagar, Kartik (2022). "The Middle Eastern Cousin: Comparative Venomics of Daboia palaestinae and Daboia russelii". Toxins. 14 (11): 725. doi:10.3390/toxins14110725. ISSN 2072-6651. PMC 9696752.
  14. ^ Bentur, Yedidia; Raikhlin-Eisenkraft, Bianca; Galperin, Maya (2004). "Evaluation of antivenom therapy in Vipera palaestinae bites". Toxicon. 44 (1): 53–57. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.04.006. ISSN 0041-0101.
  15. ^ Pivko-Levy, Dikla; Munchnak, Itamar; Rimon, Ayelet; Balla, Uri; Scolnik, Dennis; Hoyte, Christopher; Voliovitch, Yair; Glatstein, Miguel (2017). "Evaluation of antivenom therapy for Vipera palaestinae bites in children: experience of two large, tertiary care pediatric hospitals". Clinical Toxicology. 55 (4): 235–240. doi:10.1080/15563650.2016.1277233. ISSN 1556-9519. PMID 28103732.
  16. ^ a b Momic, Tatjana; Arlinghaus, Franziska T.; Arien-Zakay, Hadar; Katzhendler, Jeoshua; Eble, Johannes A.; Marcinkiewicz, Cezary; Lazarovici, Philip (2011-11-14). "Pharmacological Aspects of Vipera xantina palestinae Venom". Toxins. 3 (11): 1420–1432. doi:10.3390/toxins3111420. ISSN 2072-6651. PMC 3237004. PMID 22174978.
  17. ^ מאיר, עופר (2004-05-09). "בן 51 שהוכש על ידי נחש צפע מת בביה"ח". Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  18. ^ אזולאי, יובל (2006-05-28). "בן 73 מת מנכישת נחש". הארץ (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  19. ^ אופיר, שרון רופא (2008-06-07). "תושב שבי ציון הוכש למוות ע"י נחש צפע". Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  20. ^ ראב"ד, אחיה (2013-06-21). "נחש הכיש למוות גבר בקמפינג בכנרת". Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  21. ^ ראב"ד, ד"ר איתי גל ואחיה (2015-07-01). "טרגדיה בצפון: צעירה מתה מהכשת נחש". Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  22. ^ שפיגל, נעה; רינת, צפריר (2018-05-13). "תושב הצפון מת לאחר שהוכש על ידי נחש צפע". הארץ (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  23. ^ שעלאן, אחיה ראב"ד וחסן (2018-10-22). "אישה הוכשה למוות בידי נחש ליד בנימינה". Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  24. ^ a b c H. Mendelssohn (1963) ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE VENOMOUS SNAKES OF ISRAEL, Israel Journal of Zoology, 12:1-4, 143-170, DOI: 10.1080/00212210.1963.10688178
  25. ^ Ineich, I.; Bonnet, X.; Shine, R.; Shine, T.; Brischoux, F.; Lebreton, M.; Chirio, L. (2006-12-04). "What, if anything, is a 'typical' viper? Biological attributes of basal viperid snakes (genus Causus Wagler, 1830): BIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF BASAL VIPERID SNAKES". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 89 (4): 575–588. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00690.x.
  26. ^ a b c Shulov, Aharon (1966), Biology and Ecology of Venomous Animals in Israel, Memorias do Instituto Butantan 33(1):93-94
  27. ^ McBride, Elysha; Winder, Isabelle C.; Wüster, Wolfgang (2023-10-07). "What Bit the Ancient Egyptians? Niche Modelling to Identify the Snakes Described in the Brooklyn Medical Papyrus". Environmental Archaeology: 1–14. doi:10.1080/14614103.2023.2266631. ISSN 1461-4103.
  28. ^ Murison, Ross G. (1905). "The Serpent in the Old Testament". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 21 (2): 119–120. ISSN 1062-0516.
  29. ^ "צֶפַע". Academy of the Hebrew Language (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-03-20.
  30. ^ "This Week in History: Saddam terrorizes Israel". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 2012-01-15. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
  31. ^ Boyne, Walter J. (January 2013). "Airpower Classics" (PDF). Air Force Magazine. Air Force Association: 84. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  32. ^ "Paratroopers Brigade". IDF Official Site. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  33. ^ JTA (November 3, 2018). "Deadly Palestine Viper declared Israel's national snake". The Times of Israel. Retrieved November 4, 2018.

Further reading

  • Golay P, Smith HM, Broadley DG [fr], Dixon JR, McCarthy CJ, Rage J-C, Schätti B, Toriba M. 1993. Endoglyphs and Other Venomous Snakes of the World. Geneva: Azemiops. 478 pp.
  • Werner F. 1938. Eine verkannte Viper ( Vipera palaestinae n. sp.). Zoologischer Anzeiger 122: 313-318.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daboia palaestinae.
Wikispecies has information related to Daboia palaestinae.

Read other articles:

List of Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal II episodes

Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal II (遊☆戯☆王ZEXAL II (セカンド), Yūgiō Zearu Sekando) is a sequel series to the Yu-Gi-Oh! anime television series Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal and the seventh anime series overall in the franchise, produced by Nihon Ad Systems and TV Tokyo. Like the original, this series is directed by Satoshi Kuwahara and produced by Studio Gallop. The anime aired in Japan on TV Tokyo between October 7, 2012 to March 23, 2014, in a different time slot from that of the original series. Follow...

 

Arkarua

Arkarua Periode Ediakara Akhir, sekitar 555 jtyl PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Restorasi senimanTaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumEchinodermataKelasEdrioasteroideaGenusArkarua James G. Gehling, 1987 Tata namaDinamakan berdasarkanArkaroo (en) lbs Arkarua adami adalah hewan penyaring pasif (diperkirakan)[1] yang diketahui dari fosil-fosil dari akhir periode Ediakara. Fosil Arkarua berbentuk cakram dengan pusat yang meninggi. Terdapat ceruk-ceruk radial di sisi-sisinya, beserta...

 

Tamils

Dravidian ethnolinguistic group Tamilsதமிழர் (Tamiḻar)Tamil bride and groom performing the ritual of metti anidalTotal population77 million Native speakers, worldwideRegions with significant populations India69,026,881 (2011)[1] Sri Lanka3,135,770 (2012)[2] Malaysia1,800,000[3] United States238,699+[4] Canada237,890 (2021)[5][note 1] Singapore198,449 (2020)[6][7][note 2]OtherSee...

Rampillon

Lambang komune Rampillon. RampillonNegaraPrancisArondisemenProvinsKantonNangisAntarkomuneCommunauté de communes La Brie NangissiennePemerintahan • Wali kota (2008-2014) Paul Laclémence • Populasi1607Kode INSEE/pos77383 / 2 Population sans doubles comptes: penghitungan tunggal penduduk di komune lain (e.g. mahasiswa dan personil militer). Rampillon merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Seine-et-Marne di region Île-de-France di utara-tengah Prancis. Demografi Pad...

 

羅生門 (電影)

本條目存在以下問題，請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2018年3月17日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目，无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：羅生門 (電影) — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（判定指引）。 �...

 

العلاقات الإكوادورية الإستونية

العلاقات الإكوادورية الإستونية الإكوادور إستونيا   الإكوادور   إستونيا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الإكوادورية الإستونية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين الإكوادور وإستونيا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدو�...

Élections constituantes françaises de 1946

Ne doit pas être confondu avec Élections législatives françaises de 1946. 1945 novembre 1946 Élections constituantes françaises de 1946 586 députés 2 juin 1946 Corps électoral et résultats Votants 20 215 200   81,8 %  2 Mouvement républicain populaire – Georges Bidault Voix 5 586 213 28,22 %   2,1 Députés élus 166  15 Parti communiste français – Maurice Thorez Liste Parti communiste françaisUni...

 

Claudio Galassi

Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori italiani è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Claudio Galassi Claudio Galassi con la maglia del Padova (1968) Nazionalità  Italia Calcio Ruolo Portiere Termine carriera 1974 - giocatore Carriera Giovanili 19??-1956 San Nicolò1956-1959 Rimini Squadre di club1 1960-1963 Rimini40 (-?)[1][2][3]1963-1964 Udinese34...

 

Parey-sous-Montfort

Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Parey-sous-Montfort.  = Kawasan perkotaan  = Lahan subur  = Padang rumput  = Lahan pertanaman campuran  = Hutan  = Vegetasi perdu  = Lahan basah  = Anak sungaiParey-sous-Montfort merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Vosges yang terletak pada sebelah timur laut Prancis. Lihat pula Komune di departemen Vosges Referensi INSEE lbsKomune di departemen Vosges Les Ableuvenettes Ahéville Aingeville Ainvelle All...

Bernard de Neufmarché

11th-century Norman nobleman in England Map of the kingdoms of Wales around the time of Hastings. Bernard de Neufmarché (c. 1050 – c. 1125), also Bernard of Newmarket or Bernard of Newmarch was the first of the Norman conquerors of Wales.[1] He was a minor Norman lord who rose to power in the Welsh Marches before successfully undertaking the invasion and conquest of the Kingdom of Brycheiniog between 1088 and 1095. Out of the ruins of the Welsh kingdom he created t...

 

Maris Sangiampongsa

Thai politician This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Maris Sangiampongsa – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2024) Maris Sangiampongsaมาริษ เสงี่ยมพงษ์Minister of Foreign AffairsIncumbentAssumed office 30 April 2024Prime MinisterSrettha ...

 

Северный морской котик

Северный морской котик Самец Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:Синапси...

List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (Dec...

 

Scotch pie

Meat pie This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Scotch pie – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Scotch pieA cooked, intact Scotch pieAlternative namesMutton pie, shell pie, mince pie, football pieTypeMeat piePlace of originScotland...

 

Mitsubishi Eclipse

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Éclipse (homonymie). Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (novembre 2020). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». ...

1898–99 FA Cup

Football tournament season 1898–99 FA CupSheffield United team members with the FA CupTournament detailsCountry England WalesDefending championsNottingham ForestFinal positionsChampionsSheffield United(1st title)Runner-upDerby County← 1897–981899–1900 → The 1898–99 FA Cup was the 28th season of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup). The cup was won by Sheffield Uni...

 

Portello

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando la stazione della metropolitana, vedi Portello (metropolitana di Milano). PortelloIl Portello Stato Italia Regione Lombardia Provincia Milano Città Milano CircoscrizioneMunicipio 8 PortelloPortello (Milano) Il Portello (El Portell in dialetto milanese, AFI: [purˈtɛl]) è un quartiere residenziale di Milano, appartenente al Municipio 8. Indice 1 Geografia 2 Storia 2.1 Progetto di riqualificazione 3 Sport 3.1 Sede Calcio Milan 4 Infrastrut...

 

مناهضة العنصرية

مناهضة العنصريةمعلومات عامةتسبب في race equality (en) له هدف مساواة عرقية يمارسها anti-racist (en) معارضة لـ عنصريةتمييز عنصري النقيض عنصرية تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات انتشرت العنصرية الأوروبية إلى الأمريكيتين، لكن وجهات النظر كانت موضع تساؤل عند تطبيقها على الشعوب الأصلية....

Alexandre de Serpa Pinto

Portuguese explorer and soldier (1846–1900) This article is about the explorer. For the World War II-era ship named the Serpa Pinto, see RMS Ebro. For the Angolan town formerly known as Serpa Pinto, see Menongue. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Alexandre de Serpa Pinto – news · newspapers · books ...

 

Jake Kasdan

American filmmaker Jake KasdanKasdan in 2012BornJacob Kasdan (1974-10-28) October 28, 1974 (age 49)Detroit, Michigan, U.S.Occupations Director producer screenwriter actor Years active1983–presentSpouseInara GeorgeChildren3FatherLawrence KasdanRelativesJonathan Kasdan (brother)Mark Kasdan (uncle) Jacob Kasdan (born October 28, 1974) is an American filmmaker and actor. He is best known for directing Walk Hard (2007), Bad Teacher (2011), Sex Tape (2014), Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungl...