Cyanoramphus

Cyanoramphus
Red-crowned parakeet
(Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittaculidae
Tribe: Platycercini
Genus: Cyanoramphus
Bonaparte, 1854
Species

Cyanoramphus auriceps
†Cyanoramphus erythrotis
Cyanoramphus malherbi
Cyanoramphus hochstetteri
Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae
Cyanoramphus saisetti
†Cyanoramphus ulietanus
Cyanoramphus unicolor
†Cyanoramphus zealandicus
Cyanoramphus cooki
†Cyanoramphus subflavescnes
Cyanoramphus forbesi

Cyanoramphus is a genus of parakeets native to New Zealand and islands of the southern Pacific Ocean. The New Zealand species are often called kākāriki. They are small to medium-sized parakeets with long tails and predominantly green plumage. Most species are forest dwellers, although several of the subantarctic species live in open grassland. The genus formerly had a widely disjunct distribution: while most of the genus ranged from New Caledonia to Macquarie Island, two species were found in the Society Islands, 4,100 km (2,500 mi) away from the rest.[1]

Like many other species of birds, the Cyanoramphus parakeets have suffered from changes brought about by humans. The two species from the Society Islands, the black-fronted parakeet and the Society parakeet, are now extinct, as are the taxa from Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island, and an undescribed Campbell Island form. One species, the Malherbe's parakeet (C. malherbi), is critically endangered, while most other species are endangered or vulnerable. Habitat loss and introduced species are considered responsible for the declines and extinctions.[2]

The genus Cyanoramphus was introduced in 1854 by the French ornithologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte.[3] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek kuanos meaning "dark-blue" and rhamphos meaning "bill".[4] The type species was designated by English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1855 as what is now the extinct black-fronted parakeet (Cyanoramphus zealandicus).[5][6]

Species

There are 12 recognised species, of which 4 are extinct:[7]

Genus Cyanoramphus – Bonaparte, 1854 – twelve species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
New Caledonian parakeet

Cyanoramphus saisseti
Verreaux & Des Murs, 1860 		New Caledonia Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
Chatham Islands parakeet

Cyanoramphus forbesi
Rothschild, 1893 		Chatham Islands, New Zealand[8][9] Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 VU 


Norfolk parakeet

Cyanoramphus cookii
Gray, 1859 		Norfolk Island, Australia Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 EN 


Antipodes parakeet

Cyanoramphus unicolor
(Lear, 1831) 		Antipodes Islands, New Zealand Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 VU 



Yellow-crowned parakeet

Cyanoramphus auriceps
(Kuhl, 1820) 		New Zealand Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 NT 


Malherbe's parakeet or orange-fronted parakeet

Cyanoramphus malherbi
Souancé, 1857 		New Zealand[8][9] Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 CR 


Red-crowned parakeet

Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae
(Sparrman, 1787)

Four subspecies
 New Zealand Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Reischek's parakeet

Cyanoramphus hochstetteri
(Reischek, 1889) 		Antipodes Islands, New Zealand[9][10] Size:

Habitat:

Diet:


† Lord Howe parakeet

Cyanoramphus subflavescens
Salvadori, 1891 		Lord Howe Island, Australia Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 EX 


† Macquarie parakeet


Cyanoramphus erythrotis
(Wagler, 1832) 		Macquarie Island, Australia[11] Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 EX 


† Black-fronted parakeet

Cyanoramphus zealandicus
(Latham, 1790) 		Tahiti, French Polynesia Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 EX 


† Raiatea parakeet

Cyanoramphus ulietanus
(J. F. Gmelin, 1788) 		Raiatea, French Polynesia Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 EX 



There are also subfossil remains from a yet undescribed extinct species from Campbell Island.[12]

Eunymphicus

Cyanoramphus

New Caledonian parakeet (C. saisseti)

Chatham Islands parakeet (C. forbesi)

Norfolk parakeet (C. cookii)

Antipodes parakeet (C. unicolor)

Yellow-crowned parakeet (C. auriceps)

Malherbe's parakeet (C. malherbi)

Reischek's parakeet (C. hochstetteri)

Red-crowned parakeet (C. n. chathamensis)

Red-crowned parakeet (C. n. novaezelandiae)

Phylogeny of Cyanoramphus

References

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  1. ^ Steadman, D. (2006). Extinction and Biogeography in Tropical Pacific Birds. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77142-7.
  2. ^ Taylor, R. (1979). "How the Macquarie Island Parakeet became extinct" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 2: 42–45.
  3. ^ Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1854). "Tableau des perroquets". Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée. 2nd series. 6: 145–158 [153].
  4. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  5. ^ Gray, George Robert (1855). Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds Contained in the British Museum. London: British Museum. p. 86.
  6. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1937). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 269.
  7. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  8. ^ a b Triggs, S.J.; Daugherty, C.H. (1996). "Conservation and genetics of New Zealand parakeets". Conservation International. 6: 89–101. doi:10.1017/S0959270900001337.
  9. ^ a b c Boon, W.M.; Kearvell, J.; Daugherty, C.H.; Chambers, G.K. (2001). "Molecular systematics and conservation of kakariki (Cyanoramphus spp.)" (PDF). Science for Conservation. 176.
  10. ^ Christidis, L.; Boles, W.E. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Collingwood, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 978-064309602-8.
  11. ^ Chambers, Geoffrey K.; Boon, Wee Ming (2005). "Molecular systematics of Macquarie Island and Reischek's parakeets" (PDF). Notornis. 52 (4): 249–250.
  12. ^ Holdaway, R.N.; Thorneycroft, J.M.; McClelland, P.; Bunce, M. (2010). "Former presence of a parakeet (Cyanoramphus sp.) on Campbell Island, New Zealand subantarctic, with notes on the island's fossil sites and fossil record" (PDF). Notornis. 57: 8–18.