Crown Property Bureau

The Crown Property Bureau
สำนักงานทรัพย์สินพระมหากษัตริย์
Agency overview
FormedJune 15, 1937 (1937-06-15)
Preceding Agency
  • The Royal Treasury
TypeIndependent
JurisdictionGovernment of Thailand
HeadquartersLadawan Palace
173 Nakornratchasima Rd., Dusit, Bangkok 10300
Agency executives
Key documents
  • Crown Property Act 1936†[2]
  • Crown Property Act 2017†[5]
  • Crown Property Act 2018 [6]
Websitecrownproperty.or.th
Footnotes
† The act was repealed and replaced by a consult and approval from National Legislative Assembly of Thailand (2014).

The Crown Property Bureau (CPB) (Thai: สำนักงานทรัพย์สินพระมหากษัตริย์; RTGS: samnak ngan sap sin phra maha kasat) is legally the administrative agency[7][8] responsible for managing the property of the King of Thailand. The king had appointed six members of the bureau's governing board, with the seventh the sitting Minister of Finance of Thailand[9] until the Thai military junta reign in 2017-2018, a royal property law was modified.[5][6] The rule of appointing a finance minister as a chairperson of board directors from Crown Property Act 1936 was omitted,[2] giving the king discretion only to appoint the board.[10] It was claimed that crown property does not belong to the king in his private capacity, but to the monarchy as an institution which continues from reign to reign.[11]: 282 [12] In 2018, King Vajiralongkorn was granted full, personal ownership of royal assets thought to be worth at least $70bn to as much as $130bn. The Crown Property Bureau, which controlled the royal fortune on behalf of the monarchy, said it transferred ownership of the assets following a change in the law a year earlier.[13]

Organisation and budget

The CPB is headed by Director-General Air Chief Marshal Satitpong Sukvimol.[1] CPB Property Co., Ltd. and CPB Equity Co., Ltd., both subsidiaries of the bureau, are headed by Michael David Selby, former partner of Business Advisory Indonesia and former employee of a United States government agency.[14][15] During the late-1980s, the CPB had 600 employees, of which 90 percent were devoted to managing the bureau's massive real estate holdings.[16]: 60–63  In 2004, the CPB recorded over five billion baht in earnings. The CPB reportedly controls more than US$37 billion in assets—some say as much as US$59.4 billion[17][18][19]—that, according to Thai law, can be spent "at the king's pleasure."[20]

Despite the wealth of the CPB, the royal family receives funds from the government for expenses. Around US$170 million annually in state funding covers the salaries of staff working in Bureau of the Royal Household and other palace offices, plus security provided for the royal family by police and armed forces. Public funds also cover the costs of many royal rural development projects.[18] Separately, there is the "budget for the promotion of the dignity of the monarchy", which is granted to government offices for propaganda works. This came to US$438 million in 2015.[21]

Background

Politics of Thailand
Constitution
Monarchy

Vajiralongkorn (Rama X)

Dipangkorn Rasmijoti

Executive

Paetongtarn Shinawatra (PTP)

Phumtham Wechayachai (PTP) Suriya Juangroongruangkit (PTP)
Anutin Charnvirakul (BTP)
Pirapan Salirathavibhaga (UTN)
Pichai Chunhavajira (PTP)
Prasert Jantararuangtong (PTP)

64th Council of Ministers
Cabinet
Ministries
Independent agencies
Legislature

Wan Muhamad Noor Matha (PCC)

Mongkol Surasajja

Wan Muhamad Noor Matha (PCC)

  • Deputy Speakers

Pichet Chuamuangphan (PTP)
Paradorn Prissanananthakul (BTP)

Natthaphong Ruengpanyawut (PP)

Mongkol Surasajja

  • Vice Presidents

Kriangkrai Srirak
Bunsong Noisophon

Judiciary

President: Chanakarn Theeravechpolkul

President: Prasitsak Meelarp

President: Nakarin Mektrairat

Elections & referendums
Recent elections & referendums
  • General Elections
  • Senate Elections
  • Referendums
  • Local elections
  • Bangkok
  • Pattaya
  • Provincial
  • Subdistrict
  • Municipalities
  • Village
Administrative divisions
Ministry of Interior
  • Provincial
  • Local
  • Special
Foreign relations
Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Diplomatic missions of / in Thailand

Passport Visa requirements Visa policy

Borders : Cambodia Laos Malaysia Myanmar (Maritime : India Indonesia Vietnam)

Foreign aid

Political unrest
After reunited in 1767
  • Political crisis
  • Military coups
  • Conflicts
  • Foreign relations crisis
Related topics
flag Thailand portal

The Crown Property Bureau was established under the Royal Assets Structuring Act of 1936 and became a juristic person in 1948. According to the act, a Board of Crown Property was set up, to be chaired ex officio by the finance minister, and served by at least four royally-appointed directors. The king names one of the board members as the director-general of the CPB. The Board of Crown Property is responsible for the overall supervision of the activities of the Crown Property Bureau. Duties and responsibilities of the director-general are prescribed by the Board of Crown Property.

Initially, the CPB was under the jurisdiction of the Royal Treasury of the Royal Household Bureau. On 21 April 1935, the 1934 act to exempt royal assets from taxation took effect. The act categorised royal assets into two types:

  1. Assets eligible for tax exemption
  2. Assets eligible for tax payment

On 19 July 1937, the Royal Assets Structuring Act of 1936 became effective. It separated the royal assets into "His Majesty's personal assets", "crown property", and "public property". "His Majesty's personal assets" would be managed by the finance ministry. The CPB was set up with a status equivalent to a division under the treasury department of the finance ministry. Some of the functions, responsibilities, and officials were transferred from the Office of the Privy Purse to the Crown Property Bureau which sought permission to locate its office on the premises of the Office of the Privy Purse on the grounds of the Grand Palace in Bangkok.

The Royal Assets Structuring Act has been amended three times: the second amendment (1941) took effect on 7 October 1941, the third amendment (1948) was promulgated on 18 February 1948 when the CPB's status was then elevated to a juristic person responsible for supervising, preserving, and managing crown property. The CPB director-general is authorized to affix his signature on behalf of the bureau. In July 2017, under the new bill, King Vajiralongkorn will set up a board of directors to oversee his assets. The king is entitled to appoint the board members, as well as to remove them, at his discretion. The law prohibits the taking away of royal assets without the king's approval. Under King Bhumibol, the board of directors for the royal assets answered to the finance minister. Now it is independent of the government.[21]

The Crown Property Bureau has moved its office four times, with Ladawan Palace (commonly referred to as the "Red Palace") having been its home since 18 July 1946. The anniversary of the CPB's establishment is marked on 18 February.

Mission

The CPB claims to be responsible for protecting and managing the royal assets and property as well as supporting other activities for the benefit of Thai subjects and society. The Crown Property Bureau, however, is under no obligation to detail its holdings or how profits are spent.[22][23]

Assets

Real estate

The CPB owns approximately 6,560 hectares (16,200 acres) of property throughout Thailand.[24]: 11  The bureau owns 10 km2 in Bangkok, mainly in the city center. The specific tracts of land owned by the CPB in Bangkok have not been made public.[22] Through its shares of Siam Cement Group and Siam Commercial Bank, the bureau received dividends from 2010 equivalent to more than US$200 million.

In central Bangkok, the CPB owns 10 km2[25] or 3,320 acres (estimates are contradictory) and another 13,200 acres elsewhere in Thailand.[26] In 2008, the Bangkok holdings alone were estimated at US$31 billion in value.[14] Historically, the bureau would rent the land cheaply to small shop owners and members of the lower class.[25]

In 2010, aggregate income from property came to 2.5 billion baht (US$80 million at 2012 rates). Prime real estate includes CentralWorld, a shopping mall, and the nearby Four Seasons hotel. In total, the CPB says it has 40,000 rental contracts, of which 17,000 are in Bangkok.[26]

The CPB renews tenant lease contracts every three years for rent rationalization and planned site development consistent with long-term city planning considerations. The CPB has the authority to assist tenants who are affected by floods or political unrest with rent and fee reductions.

With Bangkok's real estate values increasing in 2017, with average land prices projected to climb four percent, the CPB negotiated deals for some of its central Bangkok prime real estate:

  • TCC Group, a family-owned conglomerate known for brewery subsidiary, Thai Beverage, leased a plot from the Crown Property Bureau in central Bangkok for up to 60 years. The space will house One Bangkok, the nation's largest-ever private redevelopment project, valued at 120 billion baht (US$3.6 billion).[25]
  • Central Pattana, the property development unit of retailer, Central Group, will close the Dusit Thani Hotel and replace it with a 36.7 billion-baht mixed-use project that is to include a new Dusit hotel and shopping mall. It extended its CPB lease for the land and was able to gain an additional 8,000 m2 of land.[25]
  • The CPB's fully owned subsidiary, Siam Sindhorn, opened a condo in 2017, selling units at twice the market price. The project, an 89,600 m2 hybrid facility, is to be fully completed in 2019.[25]

Investments

  • The CPB makes long-term investments in selected businesses such as the Siam Cement Group (SCG) (30 percent ownership), the largest Thai industrial conglomerate, and Siam Commercial Bank (SCB) (21 percent ownership), the country's first commercial bank. Through its shares of SCG and SCB, the bureau received dividends from 2010 equivalent to more than US$200 million.[22][17] The CPB has the majority holding in the Kempinski Hotels group which was sold to an investor from Bahrain in February 2017.[27] Prince Vajiralongkorn often stayed at the Kempinski Munich prior to the purchase of a home on Lake Starnberg, 25 kilometres southwest of Munich.[28]
  • Siam Bioscience is wholly owned by a subsidiary of the CPB. Siam Bio, which had never before produced vaccines, was selected to receive technology transfers from pharmaceutical firm AstraZeneca to make 60 million doses for Thailand and 200 million vaccine doses for other nations.[29] Thailand ordered 61 million doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine, to be ready from June 2021.[30]

Corporate social responsibility

The CPB has expanded its diversified social projects such as temple restorations, and rice research and development with the Rice Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.

"Youth development" is promoted jointly in partnership with the SCB and the SCG. The projects have been aimed at supporting the Ministry of Education for inculcating the king's "sufficiency economy" philosophy in the Thai school system and the establishment of the Nitasrattanakosin Exhibition Hall on Ratchadamnoen Avenue for Thai youth to learn, appreciate, and take pride in Thailand's artistic and cultural accomplishments of the Rattanakosin era. The CPB has supported numerous other projects such as scholarships for Thai youth.[31]

Conservation

In 2016, the CPB joined with the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) to develop land near the Chao Phraya River to build Nagaraphirom Park, surrounding historical buildings.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b McDonald, Taylor (2017-07-25). "Clown king nears crisis point". ASEAN Economist. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  2. ^ a b "Crown Property Act 1936" (PDF) (in Thai). Royal Thai Government Gazette. 20 August 1935. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  3. ^ "Board of Directors". The Crown Property Bureau. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2021.Chairman of the Board position needs to be included.
  4. ^ a b c "CPB info by e-Gov" (in Thai). Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  5. ^ a b "Crown Property Act 2017" (PDF) (in Thai). Royal Thai Government Gazette. 16 July 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  6. ^ a b "Crown Property Act 2018" (PDF) (in Thai). Royal Thai Government Gazette. 2 November 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 23, 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  7. ^ วงศ์วัฒนศานต์, ชัยวัฒน์ (April 2001). "ฐานะของสํานักงานทรัพย์สินส่วนพระมหากษัตริย์ตามพระราชบัญญัติพระมหากษัตริย์" [Record of the Office of the Council of State Re: Status of the Crown Property Bureau under the King's Act] (PDF). บันทึกสํานักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา (in Thai). 118. สํานักงานคณะกรรมการกฤษฎีกา: 4. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  8. ^ ศัพท์นิติศาสตร์ (8 ed.). Krung Thēp: Rātchabandittayasathān. 2014. ISBN 9786167073880. administrative agency หมายถึง หน่วยงานของรัฐ
  9. ^ "Thailand's Crown Property Bureau: Economic Brake?". Asia Sentinel. 2015-04-15. Retrieved 16 Apr 2015.
  10. ^ "Thailand's king given full control of crown property". Reuters. 17 July 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  11. ^ Grossman, Nicholas; Faulder, Dominic, eds. (2012). King Bhumibol Adulyadej: A Life's Work (Reprinted ed.). Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 978-9814260565.
  12. ^ Short history from the Crown Property Bureau website Archived August 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "Thai king takes control of crown assets". BBC News. 2018-06-16.
  14. ^ a b Cunningham, Susan J. (2008-08-22). "The Crowning Fortune". Forbes. Retrieved 26 Feb 2015.
  15. ^ Ouyyanont, Porphant (2008). "The Crown Property Bureau in Thailand and the crisis of 1997". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 38 (1): 166–189. doi:10.1080/00472330701652018. S2CID 154511834.
  16. ^ Paisal Sricharatchanya, Far Eastern Economic Review, "The Jewels of the Crown", 30 June 1988
  17. ^ a b Joehnk, Tom Felix (2015-12-03). "The Thai Monarchy and Its Money". New York Times. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  18. ^ a b Mairs, Sally (14 October 2016). "Show me the money: Thailand's mega-rich monarchy". France 24. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  19. ^ Ouyyanont, Porphant (2015). Crown Property Bureau in Thailand and Its Role in Political Economy (PDF). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-4695-15-2. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  20. ^ Fuller, Thomas (2015-09-20). "With King in Declining Health, Future of Monarchy in Thailand Is Uncertain". New York Times. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  21. ^ a b Chachavalpongpun, Pavin (9 September 2017). "A very wealthy monarch grows wealthier". The Japan Times. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  22. ^ a b c Fuller, Thomas (2011-08-12). "A Thai Jet Is Free to Go, but Larger Questions of Ownership Linger". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  23. ^ Joehnk, Tom Felix (2015-12-03). "The Thai Monarchy and Its Money". New York Times. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  24. ^ Annual Report 2014 (PDF) (2014 ed.). Bangkok: The Crown Property Bureau. 2015. ISBN 978-974-8259-89-5. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  25. ^ a b c d e Ono, Yukako (2017-08-21). "Thai crown holdings at center of Bangkok redevelopment blitz". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  26. ^ a b Montlake, Simon (2012-01-20). "In Thailand, A Rare Peek At His Majesty's Balance Sheet". Forbes. Retrieved 26 Feb 2015.
  27. ^ "Crown Property Bureau sells Kempinski Hotels Group | Legal Monitor".
  28. ^ Chachavalpongpun, Pavin (24 July 2016). "A crown prince and German affairs". New Mandala. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  29. ^ Soloman, Feliz; Watcharasakwet, Wilawan (19 June 2021). "Thailand Once Shut Out Covid-19 but Is Now Pivoting to Living With It". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  30. ^ "Thailand defends royal company's role in COVID-19 vaccine strategy". Channel News Asia (CNA). Reuters. 19 January 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  31. ^ Annual Report 2016 (PDF). Bangkok: The Crown Property Bureau. n.d. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  32. ^ "วางศิลาฤกษ์ที่จอดรถใต้ดิน "สวนนาคราภิรมย์" ท่าเตียน-ลึก 3 ชั้นครึ่งจอดได้ 700 คัน". 11 October 2016.

Read other articles:

New Initial D the Movie

New Initial DPoster rilis teater新劇場版「頭文字D」GenreBalapan mobil, aksi, drama Seri film animeSutradaraMasamitsu HidakaTomohito Naka (ko-directur)SkenarioMayori SekijimaMusikAkio DobashiStudioSanzigen & Liden FilmsPelisensiAUS Hanabee (hanya bagian 1)NA Sentai FilmworksUK MVM EntertainmentTayangLegend 1: Awakening23 Agustus 2014Legend 2: Racer23 Mei 2015Legend 3: Dream6 Februari 2016Durasi70 menit (masing-masing)Film3  Portal anime dan manga New Initial D (新劇場�...

 

الدوري البرازيلي الدرجة الثالثة

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) الدوري البرازيلي الدرجة الثالثة الموسم الحاليالدوري البرازيلي الدرجة الثالثة 2018   الجهة المنظمة الات...

 

Filosofia

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Filosofia (disambigua). Antico tetradramma con incisa la civetta di Minerva, che per la sua capacità di vedere nel buio è il simbolo della filosofia.[1] La scritta ΑΘΕ è un'abbreviazione di ΑΘΗΝΑΙΩΝ, che può essere tradotta come «degli Ateniesi». La filosofia (in greco antico: φιλοσοφία?, philosophía,[2] composto di φιλεῖν (phileîn), amare, e σοφία (sophía), sapienza o saggez...

House of Wax (film 1953)

House of WaxPoster Film Asli House of WaxSutradaraAndré De TothProduserBryan FoyDitulis olehCharles S. Belden (pemain)Crane Wilbur (penulis skenario)PemeranVincent PriceFrank LovejoyPhyllis KirkCarolyn JonesCharles BronsonPenata musikDavid ButtolphSinematograferBert GlennonJ. Peverell MarleyLathrop B. WorthPenyuntingRudi FehrDistributorWarner Bros.Tanggal rilis25 April 1953Durasi88 menit.BahasaInggrisAnggaran$658,000 (perkiraan)IMDbInformasi di IMDbAMGProfil All Movie Guide House of Wa...

 

Youichi Ui

Youichi UiYouichi Ui di Ronde 1 MFJ Superbike 2009KebangsaanJepang Catatan statistik Karier Grand Prix Sepeda MotorTahun aktif1995–2004 Lomba pertamaGrand Prix Jepang 125cc 1995Menang pertamaGrand Prix Jepang 125cc 2000Menang terakhirGrand Prix Rio 125cc 2001Lomba terakhirGrand Prix Jepang 250cc 2007TimYamaha, Derbi, Gilera, Harris WCM Start Menang Podium Pole F. lap Poin 133 11 22 17 9 886 Youichi Ui (宇井陽一code: ja is deprecated , Ui Youichi, lahir 27 November 1972 di Chiba) adalah ...

 

Ron Paul

Ron Paul Ronald Ernest Paul (lahir 20 Agustus 1935) adalah seorang anggota Kongres Amerika Serikat dari Lake Jackson, Texas, berasal dari Partai Republik. Ia adalah salah satu calon presiden dari partai ini untuk pemilu presiden 2008. Ia juga pernah mengikuti pemilu presiden 1988 sebagai wakil partai Libertarian. Setelah lulus dari Duke University School of Medicine pada 1961 dan menjadi ginekolog, ia menjadi dokter bedah militer dalam masa Perang Vietnam. Ron Paul mendukung perdagangan bebas...

Actinopus magnus

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Actinopus magnus TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumArthropodaKelasArachnidaOrdoAraneaeFamiliActinopodidaeGenusActinopusSpesiesActinopus magnus lbs Actinopus magnus adalah sebuah spesies laba-laba dalam keluarga Actinopodidae. Spesies tersebut ditemukan di ...

 

Melanchton Siregar

Ini adalah nama Batak Toba, marganya adalah Siregar. Melanchton Siregar Ketua Partai Kristen Indonesia ke-5Masa jabatan17 Oktober 1967 – 11 Januari 1973PresidenSukarnoSuharto PendahuluAlbert Mangaratua TambunanPenggantijabatan ditiadakanAnggota Komite Nasional Indonesia PusatMasa jabatan6 Maret 1947 – 15 Februari 1950PresidenSukarno Informasi pribadiLahir(1912-08-07)7 Agustus 1912[a]Lumban Silo, Bataklanden, Keresidenan Tapanuli, Hindia BelandaMeninggal24 Feb...

 

Stan Brakhage

American filmmaker and writer (1933–2003) Stan BrakhagePhoto of Brakhage by Friedl Kubelka, c. 1976BornRobert Sanders(1933-01-14)January 14, 1933[1]Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.DiedMarch 9, 2003(2003-03-09) (aged 70)Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaOccupationFilm directorYears active1954–2003Known forExperimental film, art film, collage filmNotable workDog Star Man, Mothlight, Window Water Baby Moving James Stanley Brakhage (/ˈbrækɪdʒ/ BRAK-ij;[2] Ja...

Louis-Alexandre de Launay, comte d'Antraigues

Louis-Alexandre de Launay, comte d'AntraiguesBorn25 December 1753Montpellier, FranceDied22 July 1812 (1812-07-23) (aged 58)Barnes, Surrey, EnglandOccupations Spy pamphleteer diplomat political adventurer FamilyAntoinette Saint-Huberty (wife) Emmanuel Henri Louis Alexandre de Launay, comte d'Antraigues (25 December 1753 – 22 July 1812) was a French pamphleteer, diplomat, spy and political adventurer during the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. Early life At the age of 14,...

 

Digital comic

Not to be confused with Webcomic or Motion comic. Comic released digitally Digital comicComicsSpeech balloon Comics studies Education Glossary History by country Methods Cartooning Photo comics Media formats Comic book Comic strip Digital comic Gag cartoon Trade paperback Graphic novel Political cartoon Webcomic Webtoon Comics by country and culture American comics Argentine comics Australian comics Bandes dessinées (Belgium / Quebec) Brazilian comics British comics (Welsh-language) Canadian...

 

Kilgour–Matas report

Report on forced organ harvesting in China David Kilgour, former Canadian Secretary of State (Asia-Pacific), investigated the state-sanctioned forced organ harvesting in China. The Kilgour–Matas report is a 2006/2007 investigative report into allegations of live organ harvesting in China conducted by Canadian MP David Kilgour and human rights lawyer David Matas. The report was requested by the Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong (CIPFG) after allegations emerged that Falu...

House of Representatives (Yemen)

Lower house of the legislature of Yemen House of Representatives مجلس النواب اليمني TypeTypeLower house of the Parliament of Yemen HistoryFounded1990LeadershipSpeakerSultan al-Barakani[1] since 13 April 2019 StructureSeats301Political groups  General People's Congress (168)   Yemeni Congregation for Reform (42)   Yemeni Socialist Party (8)   Nasserites (3)   Independents (43)   Vacants (37)CommitteesUnknownJoint committeesUnknownElectionsV...

 

Never Gone (film)

Never GonePosterNama lainSederhana致青春2：原来你还在这里 SutradaraZhou Tuo RuProduserKe Liming Zhang YibaiDitulis olehZhou Tuo Ru Xin Yi WuPemeranKris Wu Liu Yifei Qiao Ren Liang Li Meng Jin Shijia Li Qin Hao ShaowenPerusahaanproduksiBeijing Ruyi Xinxin Film Investment[1]DistributorBeijing Weiying Shidai Technology Wuzhou Film Distribution Huaxia Film Distribution[1]Tanggal rilis 8 Juli 2016 (2016-07-08) Durasi98 menitNegaraTiongkokBahasaMandarinPendapat...

 

1896 in India

India-related events in the year 1896 ← 1895 1894 1893 1896 in India → 1897 1898 1899 Centuries: 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Decades: 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s See also:List of years in IndiaTimeline of Indian history Events in the year 1896 in India. Incumbents Empress of India – Queen Victoria Viceroy of India – Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin Events National income - ₹5,333 million Bombay plague epidemic killed thousands[1] A famine started in Bundelkhand and con...

Boston University School of Theology

For the Catholic institution, see Boston College School of Theology and Ministry. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Boston University School of Theology – news ...

 

The Way of All Flesh (1927 film)

1927 film by Victor Fleming This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (November 2016) The Way of All FleshFilm posterDirected byVictor FlemingWritten byLajos Biro (adaptation)Frederica Sagor (adaptation)Jules Furthman (scenario)Story byPerley Poore SheehanProduced byAdolph ZukorJesse L. LaskyStarringEmil JanningsCinematographyVictor MilnerDis...

 

Locust

Grasshopper that has a swarming phase This article is about the insects in the family Acrididae. For other uses, see Locust (disambiguation). Locusts, such as this migratory locust (Locusta migratoria), are grasshoppers in a migratory phase of their life. Millions of swarming Australian plague locusts on the move Locusts (derived from the Latin locusta, locust or lobster[1]) are various species of short-horned grasshoppers in the family Acrididae that have a swarming phase. These inse...

Metagenomics

Study of genes found in the environment Part of a series onGenetics Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Genome Heredity Nucleotide Mutation Genetic variation Allele Amino acid Outline Index History and topics Introduction History Evolution (molecular) Population genetics Mendelian inheritance Quantitative genetics Molecular genetics Research Geneticist DNA sequencing Genetic engineering Genomics ( template) Medical genetics Branches of genetics Fields Classical Conservation Cytogenetics Ecologi...

 

Catacombe de Saint-Calixte

Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (juin 2020). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ? Comm...