Croton alabamensis

Alabama croton

Vulnerable  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Croton
Species:
C. alabamensis
Binomial name
Croton alabamensis
Varieties

C. a. var. alabamensis
C. a. var. texensis Ginzbarg

Croton alabamensis, known as Alabama croton, is a rare species of flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, that is endemic to Texas and Alabama in the Southeastern United States. It has two varieties whose ranges are separated by more than 1000 km: Croton alabamensis var. alabamensis (Alabama croton) is found in two central Alabama counties, while Croton alabamensis var. texensis (Texabama croton) is found in three counties in Texas.

The Alabama croton is a semi-evergreen monoecious shrub that reaches a height of 5–35 dm. It is the northernmost shrubby species of the genus Croton in North America and the largest species of Euphorbiaceae native to North America. It is grown as an ornamental for its form and foliage and is valued for its drought tolerance, low maintenance, and herbivore resistance. Although normally forming loose clonal colonies, it can be trained as a single-trunked, dense shrub. C. alabamensis and its nominate variety are considered Vulnerable by NatureServe, while C. a. var. texensis is considered Imperiled. Threats include habitat loss and forestry practices.

Description

The Alabama croton is a semi-evergreen monoecious shrub that reaches a height of 5–35 dm[2] The loose, multi-stemmed thickets[3] it forms are colloquially known as "privet brakes".[4] C. alabamensis is the northernmost shrubby species of the genus Croton in North America[5] and the largest species of Euphorbiaceae native to North America.[6]

Leaves

Leaves are clustered at branch tips and lack stipules. The petiole is 0.6–2 cm. Glands are absent at its apex. Leaf blades are elliptic, ovate, or oblong and measure 3–10 × 1.5–5 cm. Blade margins are typically entire, sometimes undulate. The base is rounded to obtuse, while the apex is acute, rounded, or emarginate. Abaxial surfaces are silvery or coppery and densely lepidote, while adaxial surfaces are green and sparsely lepidote.[2] When crushed, leaves emit a fragrance similar to a mixture of banana and apple.[7]

Flowers

Flower of C. a. var. texensis

The inflorescence is a bisexual or unisexual raceme 2–4.5 cm in length. Racemes have 0–15 staminate flowers and 0–10 pistillate flowers.[2] Flowers are pollinated by bees.[4] Pistillate flowers are formed earlier and are lower in the raceme than staminate flowers. [8] Flowering occurs in the spring, with peak flowering occurring in mid-March.[9]

Staminate (male) flowers

The pedicels of staminate flowers are 2.2–4 mm long. The 5 sepals are 1.1–2.9 mm in length and have a lepidote abaxial surface. The 5 petals are oblong-ovate and 2–3.1 mm in length with an abaxial surface that is glabrous except at margins, where it is stellate-ciliate. Staminate flowers have 10–22 stamens.[2]

Pistillate (female) flowers

Pedicels of pistillate flowers are 2.2–7.5 mm in length, increasing to 7–11 mm when in fruit. The 5 sepals measure 2–4.5 mm in length, have entire margins, an incurved apex, and a lepidote abaxial surface. The 5 petals are pale green, ovate, and 2–3.5 mm in length. The ovary is 3-locular. There are 3 styles 2–5 mm long, usually unbranched, rarely bifid, with 3 terminal segments (sometimes 6).[2]

Fruit and seeds

Leaves and capsule of C. alabamensis var. texensis

The fruit is a smooth capsule measuring 1.6–2.5 × 2–3 mm. The columella is 3-angled.[2] Capsules ripen by June, after which seeds are explosively dehisced.[9] Seeds are shiny and measure 6.7–8 × 5.2–6 mm.[2] Seeds require cold stratification in order to germinate.[9]

Varieties

Habitus of C. alabamensis var. texensis

There are two varieties that are separated by more than 1000 km:[5][10]

Habitat and range

Range map showing Atlantic Plain boundary, which helps explain its distribution

Both varieties are found on a plateau or in foothills bordering the Atlantic Plain in limestone, shale, or dolomitic outcrops and adjacent outwashes.[5]

Alabama

The nominate variety is found on dry slopes, bluffs, and outcroppings with thin, alkaline soil in Tuscaloosa and Bibb County, Alabama.[4][9] In Tuscaloosa County, the plant occurs in the Black Warrior River watershed north of Tuscaloosa, which is part of the Cumberland Plateau.[5] In Bibb County, it is found in Ketona dolomite glades near the Cahaba River[13] within the Alabama Ridge and Valley physiographic province.[5] Associated woody vegetation includes Juniperus virginiana, Quercus muehlenbergii, Pinus palustris, Sabal minor, and Phyllanthopsis phyllanthoides.[13]

Texas

Texabama croton is restricted to the eastern Edwards Plateau[10] and southern Cross Timbers[14] within Travis, Bell and Coryell counties. Within this limited range, it has a very patchy distribution and is abundant in the few niches where it occurs and is absent elsewhere. C. alabamensis var. texensis inhabits pockets of deep soils within forested, mesic canyons and upland oak mottes[15] at elevations of 200 to 400 m.[16]

Phylogeny and evolutionary history

Croton alabamensis belongs to the monotypic section Alabamenses within the subgenus Quadrilobi.[17] Its closest relatives inhabit primarily mesic regions in the Neotropics, such as members of the former genus Moacroton, which are restricted to serpentine soils in Cuba.[18] Molecular clock analysis suggests it split from its closest relative in the middle Eocene, approximately 41 million years ago. The Alabama and Texas varieties diverged much more recently in the Quaternary, possibly due to allopatric speciation.[5]

Cultivation

The Alabama croton is grown as an ornamental for its form and foliage[19] and is valued for its drought tolerance, low maintenance, and herbivore resistance.[20] Although normally forming loose clonal colonies, it can be trained as a single-trunked, dense shrub.[21] The plant is hardy to USDA Hardiness Zone 6a.[22] It can be propagated via layering, cuttings[20] and stratified seeds.[23] Cultivated specimens occur at the Mt. Cuba Center in Hockessin, Delaware,[24][25] the University of Alabama Arboretum in Tuscaloosa, Alabama,[7] the Donald E. Davis Arboretum at Auburn University in Auburn, Alabama,[26] the Scott Arboretum at Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania,[27] Birmingham Botanical Gardens,[28] the JC Raulston Arboretum at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina,[29] the Brooklyn Botanic Garden,[30] Jenkins Arboretum in Devon, Pennsylvania,[31] Texas Discovery Gardens in Dallas, Texas,[32] the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center in Austin, Texas,[33] Atlanta Botanical Garden,[34] the Sarah P. Duke Gardens at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina,[35] and Cheekwood Botanical Garden and Museum of Art in Nashville, Tennessee.[36]

History

Croton alabamensis was discovered in July 1877 by state geologist Eugene Allen Smith on limestone bluffs at Pratt's Ferry near Centreville, Alabama during a geological survey. Specimens of the plant were sent to botanist and pharmacist Charles T. Mohr, who then passed them to botanist Alvan Wentworth Chapman. Chapman formally described C. alabamensis as a new species in the second edition of his Flora of the Southern United States.[9] C. alabamensis var. texensis was discovered in April 1989 at Fort Cavazos in Coryell County by Carol Beardmore and Rex Wahl.[37] Two months later, plants were independently discovered by Chuck Sexton approximately 70 km to the south on the Post Oak Ridge[38] of the future Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge in northwestern Travis County.[37][39] Steve Ginzbarg, a botanist at the University of Texas at Austin, formally described it as a distinct variety of C. alabamensis in 1992.[38]

Conservation

Croton alabamensis and its nominate variety are considered Vulnerable by NatureServe, [1][11] while C. a. var. texensis is considered Imperiled.[12] Threats include habitat loss and forestry practices.[1] In Alabama, protected populations of the plant occur within The Nature Conservancy's Pratt's Ferry Preserve,[40] the University of West Alabama's Cahaba Biodiversity Center,[41] and the Cahaba River National Wildlife Refuge.[42] In Texas, Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge, Pace Bend Park, and Fort Cavazos are home to protected populations of the plant.[5][14]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Croton alabamensis. NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g van Ee, Benjamin W.; Berry, Paul E. (2016). "Croton alabamensis". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 12. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 27 May 2024 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  3. ^ a b "Croton alabamensis". Missouri Botanical Garden.
  4. ^ a b c Davenport, Lawrence J. (14 September 2023). "Alabama Croton". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Van Ee, Benjamin W.; Jelinski, Nicolas; Berry, Paul E.; Hipp, Andrew L. (2006). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Croton alabamensis (Euphorbiaceae), a rare shrub from Texas and Alabama, using DNA sequence and AFLP data". Molecular Ecology. 15 (10): 2735–2751. Bibcode:2006MolEc..15.2735V. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.502.7848. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02970.x. hdl:2027.42/72311. PMID 16911197. S2CID 1157970.
  6. ^ a b Wurdack, K.J. (2006). "The lectotypification and 19th century history of Croton alabamensis (Euphorbiaceae S.S.)". Sida. 22 (1): 469–483.
  7. ^ a b "Alabama Croton". The University of Alabama Arboretum. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  8. ^ Thaowetsuwan, Pakkapol; Ritchie, Stuart; Riina, Ricarda; De Craene, Louis Ronse (2020). "Divergent Developmental Pathways Among Staminate and Pistillate Flowers of Some Unusual Croton (Euphorbiaceae)". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 8. doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.00253. hdl:10261/271920.
  9. ^ a b c d e Davenport, Larry (1994). "The Alabama Croton". Alabama Heritage (33).
  10. ^ a b Halward, Tracy; Lowrey, Timothy; Schulz, Keith; Schulz, Keith; Shaw, Robert (1996). "Germination Requirements and Genetic Diversity in Croton alabamensis var. texensis". Southwestern Rare and Endangered Plants Proceedings of the Second Conference September 11–14, 1995, Flagstaff, Arizona. USDA Forest Service.
  11. ^ a b "Croton alabamensis var. alabamensis. NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  12. ^ a b "Croton alabamensis var. texensis. NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  13. ^ a b "Alabama Ketona Glade and Woodland". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  14. ^ a b Hayden, Timothy J.; Cornelius, John D.; Weinberg, Howard J.; Jette, Leslie L.; Melton, Robert H. (2001). "Endangered Species Management Plan for Fort Hood, Texas; FY01-05" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers.
  15. ^ Poole, Jackie M.; Carr, William R.; Price, Dana M. (2007). Rare Plants of Texas: A Field Guide. Texas A&M University Press. p. 163. ISBN 9781585445578.
  16. ^ van Ee, Benjamin W.; Berry, Paul E. (2016). "Croton alabamensis var. texensis". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 12. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 27 May 2024 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  17. ^ Van Ee, Benjamin W.; Riina, Ricarda; Berry, Paul E. (2011). "A revised infrageneric classification and molecular phylogeny of New World Croton (Euphorbiaceae)" (PDF). Taxon. 60 (3): 791–823. doi:10.1002/tax.603013. hdl:2027.42/146834. PMID 16911197.
  18. ^ Van Ee, Benjamin W.; Berry, Paul E.; Riina, Ricarda; Gutiérrez Amaro, Jorge E. (2008). "Molecular Phylogenetics and Biogeography of the Caribbean-Centered Croton Subgenus Moacroton (Euphorbiaceae s.s.)". Botanical Review. 74 (1): 132–165. Bibcode:2008BotRv..74..132V. doi:10.1007/s12229-008-9003-y. hdl:10261/168375.
  19. ^ "Texabama Croton, Alabama Croton". Aggie Horticulture.
  20. ^ a b "Croton alabamensis". North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. North Carolina State University. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  21. ^ Cullina, William (2020). Native Trees, Shrubs, and Vines: A Guide to Using, Growing, and Propagating North American Woody Plants. Echo Point Books and Media. ISBN 9781648370014.
  22. ^ Hill, Bob (2009). "Alabama Croton: A Collector's Treasure" (PDF). The American Gardener. American Horticultural Society: 62.
  23. ^ Wasowski, Sally; Wasowski, Andy (1998). Texas Native Plants (2nd ed.). Gulf Publishing Company. p. 243. ISBN 0-88415-506-4.
  24. ^ "Alabama Croton". Mt. Cuba Center. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  25. ^ @MtCubaCenter (2018-08-28). "Alabama croton, with its silvery undersides on its foliage, balances out this late summer arrangement. Croton alabamensis var. alabamensis is found in the wild in just a few counties in Alabama. We have some specimens planted along our Main Drive" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  26. ^ "Alabama Croton". Donald E. Davis Arboretum. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  27. ^ Coceano, Josh (2015-02-25). "Croton alabamensis". The Scott Arboretum of Swarthmore College. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  28. ^ "What's in Bloom". Birmingham Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  29. ^ "Croton alabamensis". JC Raulston Arboretum. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  30. ^ "Taxon Details: Croton alabamensis". Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  31. ^ "December Garden Highlights" (PDF). Jenkins Arboretum. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  32. ^ "Croton alabamensis". Native Plant Information Network. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. 2023-01-29. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  33. ^ "Croton alabamensis var. texensis". Native Plant Information Network. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. 2022-10-18. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  34. ^ "Safeguarding Nursery". Atlanta Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
  35. ^ "Steve Church Endangered Species Garden". Duke University. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
  36. ^ "January Featured Plant List". Cheekwood Estate & Gardens. 2024-01-02. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
  37. ^ a b Powell, Christine; Rye, Dale (2011). "We're Texabama Bound" (PDF). CAMN Field Notes. Capitol Area Master Naturalists: 9–11.
  38. ^ a b Ginzbarg, Steve (1992). "A New Disjunct Variety of Croton alabamensis (Euphorbiaceae) from Texas". Sida. 15 (1): 41–52. JSTOR 41967533.
  39. ^ "Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge" (PDF). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 2003. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  40. ^ "Nature Conservancy in Alabama". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  41. ^ "Cahaba Biodiversity Center". University of West Alabama. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
  42. ^ "Cahaba River National Wildlife Refuge Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan and Environmental Assessment" (PDF). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 2015. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
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