System of flowering plant classification
The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants . It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants (1968; 2nd edition, 1988) and An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (1981) (see Bibliography ).
Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two broad classes, Magnoliopsida dicotyledons ) and Liliopsida monocotyledons ). Within these classes, related orders are grouped into subclasses. While the scheme was widely used, in either the original form or in adapted versions, many botanists now use the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants, first developed in 1998. The system as laid out in Cronquist's An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (1981) counts 64 orders and 321 families in class Magnoliopsida and 19 orders and 65 families in class Liliopsida.
The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants 1968 (monocots)Class Liliatae (Monocotyledoneae)
Subclass Alismatidae (4 orders)
Subclass Commelinidae (8 orders)
Subclass Arecidae (4 orders)
Subclass Liliidae (2 orders)
Order Liliales
Family Philydraceae
Family Pontederiaceae
Family Liliaceae (Alluaceae, Alstroemeriaceae, Aphyllanthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae, Colchicaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Melanthiaceae, Petermanniaceae, Philesiaceae, Ruscaceae, Trilliaceae)
Family Iridaceae
Family Agavaceae
Family Xanthorrhoeaceae
Family Velloziaceae
Family Haemodoraceae (Tecophilaeceae)
Family Taccaceae
Family Cyanastraceae
Family Stemonaceae (Roxburghiaceae)
Family Smilacaceae
Family Dioscoreaceae (Stenomeridaceae, Trichopodaceae)
Order Orchidales
An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants 1981
Cronquist system diagram Subclass Magnoliidae (mostly basal dicots)
Order Magnoliales
Winteraceae Degeneriaceae Himantandraceae Eupomatiaceae Austrobaileyaceae Magnoliaceae (magnolia family)Lactoridaceae Annonaceae Myristicaceae Canellaceae
Order Laurales
Amborellaceae Trimeniaceae Monimiaceae Gomortegaceae Calycanthaceae Idiospermaceae (now part of Calycanthaceae)
Lauraceae (laurel family)Hernandiaceae
Order Piperales
Chloranthaceae Saururaceae Piperaceae (pepper family)
Order Aristolochiales
Aristolochiaceae
Order Illiciales
Illiciaceae Schisandraceae
Order Nymphaeales
Nelumbonaceae (lotus family)Nymphaeaceae (waterlily family)Barclayaceae Cabombaceae Ceratophyllaceae
Order Ranunculales
Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)Circaeasteraceae Berberidaceae Sargentodoxaceae Lardizabalaceae Menispermaceae Coriariaceae Sabiaceae
Order Papaverales
Papaveraceae (poppy family)Fumariaceae
Subclass Hamamelidae [sic: correctly Hamamelididae ]
Order Trochodendrales
Tetracentraceae Trochodendraceae
Order Hamamelidales
Cercidiphyllaceae Eupteleaceae Platanaceae Hamamelidaceae Myrothamnaceae
Order Daphniphyllales
Daphniphyllaceae
Order Didymelales
Didymelaceae
Order Eucommiales
Eucommiaceae
Order Urticales
Barbeyaceae Ulmaceae Cannabaceae (cannabis family)Moraceae (mulberry family)Cecropiaceae Urticaceae
Order Leitneriales
Leitneriaceae
Order Juglandales
Rhoipteleaceae Juglandaceae
Order Myricales
Myricaceae
Order Fagales
Balanopaceae Ticodendraceae Fagaceae Nothofagaceae Betulaceae
Order Casuarinales
Casuarinaceae
Subclass Caryophyllidae
Order Caryophyllales
Phytolaccaceae Achatocarpaceae Nyctaginaceae Aizoaceae Didiereaceae Cactaceae (cactus family)Chenopodiaceae Amaranthaceae Portulacaceae Basellaceae Molluginaceae Caryophyllaceae
Order Polygonales
Polygonaceae
Order Plumbaginales
Plumbaginaceae
Subclass Dilleniidae
Order Dilleniales
Dilleniaceae Paeoniaceae
Order Theales
Ochnaceae Sphaerosepalaceae Sarcolaenaceae Dipterocarpaceae Caryocaraceae Theaceae (tea family)Actinidiaceae (kiwi family)Scytopetalaceae Pentaphylacaceae Tetrameristaceae Pellicieraceae Oncothecaceae Marcgraviaceae Quiinaceae Elatinaceae Paracryphiaceae Medusagynaceae Clusiaceae
Order Malvales
Elaeocarpaceae Tiliaceae Sterculiaceae Bombacaceae Malvaceae (mallow family)
Order Lecythidales
Lecythidaceae
Order Nepenthales
Sarraceniaceae Nepenthaceae Droseraceae
Order Violales
Flacourtiaceae Peridiscaceae Bixaceae Cistaceae (rock rose family)Huaceae Lacistemataceae Scyphostegiaceae Stachyuraceae Violaceae (violet family)Tamaricaceae (tamarix family)Frankeniaceae Dioncophyllaceae Ancistrocladaceae Turneraceae Malesherbiaceae Passifloraceae (passionflower family)Achariaceae Caricaceae (papaya family)Fouquieriaceae Hoplestigmataceae Cucurbitaceae (squash family)Datiscaceae Begoniaceae Loasaceae
Order Salicales
Salicaceae
Order Capparales
Tovariaceae Capparaceae Brassicaceae (mustard family)Moringaceae Resedaceae
Order Batales
Gyrostemonaceae Bataceae
Order Ericales
Cyrillaceae Clethraceae Grubbiaceae Empetraceae Epacridaceae Ericaceae Pyrolaceae Monotropaceae
Order Diapensiales
Diapensiaceae
Order Ebenales
Sapotaceae Ebenaceae Styracaceae Lissocarpaceae Symplocaceae
Order Primulales
Theophrastaceae Myrsinaceae Primulaceae (primula family)
Subclass Rosidae
Order Rosales
Brunelliaceae Connaraceae Eucryphiaceae Cunoniaceae Davidsoniaceae Dialypetalanthaceae Pittosporaceae Byblidaceae Hydrangeaceae Columelliaceae Grossulariaceae Greyiaceae Bruniaceae Anisophylleaceae Alseuosmiaceae Crassulaceae Cephalotaceae Saxifragaceae Rosaceae (rose family)Neuradaceae Crossosomataceae Chrysobalanaceae Surianaceae Rhabdodendraceae
Order Fabales
Mimosaceae (mimosa family)Caesalpiniaceae Fabaceae (legume/pea family)
Order Proteales
Elaeagnaceae Proteaceae
Order Podostemales
Podostemaceae
Order Haloragales
Haloragaceae Gunneraceae
Order Myrtales
Sonneratiaceae Lythraceae Penaeaceae Crypteroniaceae Thymelaeaceae Trapaceae Myrtaceae (myrtle family)Punicaceae Onagraceae Oliniaceae Melastomataceae Combretaceae Alzateaceae Memecylaceae Rhyncocalycaceae
Order Rhizophorales
Rhizophoraceae
Order Cornales
Alangiaceae Nyssaceae Cornaceae Garryaceae
Order Santalales
Medusandraceae Dipentodontaceae Olacaceae Opiliaceae Santalaceae Misodendraceae Loranthaceae Viscaceae Eremolepidaceae Balanophoraceae
Order Rafflesiales
Hydnoraceae Mitrastemonaceae Rafflesiaceae (rafflesia family)
Order Celastrales
Geissolomataceae Celastraceae Hippocrateaceae Stackhousiaceae Salvadoraceae Aquifoliaceae Icacinaceae Aextoxicaceae Cardiopteridaceae Corynocarpaceae Dichapetalaceae Tepuianthaceae
Order Euphorbiales
Buxaceae (box family)Simmondsiaceae Pandaceae Euphorbiaceae
Order Rhamnales
Rhamnaceae Leeaceae Vitaceae (grape family)
Order Linales
Erythroxylaceae Humiriaceae Ixonanthaceae Hugoniaceae Linaceae
Order Polygalales
Malpighiaceae Vochysiaceae Trigoniaceae Tremandraceae Polygalaceae Xanthophyllaceae Krameriaceae
Order Sapindales
Staphyleaceae Melianthaceae Bretschneideraceae Akaniaceae Sapindaceae Hippocastanaceae Aceraceae Burseraceae Anacardiaceae (cashew family)Julianiaceae Simaroubaceae Cneoraceae Meliaceae Rutaceae (citrus family)Zygophyllaceae
Order Geraniales
Oxalidaceae Geraniaceae Limnanthaceae Tropaeolaceae Balsaminaceae
Order Apiales
Araliaceae Apiaceae (carrot family)
Subclass Asteridae
Order Gentianales
Loganiaceae Retziaceae Gentianaceae Saccifoliaceae Apocynaceae Asclepiadaceae
Order Solanales
Duckeodendraceae Nolanaceae Solanaceae (nightshade/tomato family)Convolvulaceae Cuscutaceae Menyanthaceae Polemoniaceae Hydrophyllaceae Retziaceae
Order Lamiales
Lennoaceae Boraginaceae Verbenaceae Lamiaceae (mint family)
Order Callitrichales
Hippuridaceae Callitrichaceae Hydrostachyaceae
Order Plantaginales
Plantaginaceae
Order Scrophulariales
Buddlejaceae Oleaceae (olive family)Scrophulariaceae Globulariaceae Myoporaceae Orobanchaceae Gesneriaceae Acanthaceae Pedaliaceae Bignoniaceae Mendonciaceae Lentibulariaceae
Order Campanulales
Pentaphragmataceae Sphenocleaceae Campanulaceae (bell flower family)Stylidiaceae Donatiaceae Brunoniaceae Goodeniaceae
Order Rubiales
Rubiaceae (coffee family)Theligonaceae
Order Dipsacales
Caprifoliaceae Adoxaceae Valerianaceae Dipsacaceae
Order Calycerales
Calyceraceae
Order Asterales
Asteraceae (sunflower family)
Subclass Alismatidae
Order Alismatales
Butomaceae Limnocharitaceae Alismataceae
Order Hydrocharitales
Hydrocharitaceae
Order Najadales
Aponogetonaceae Scheuchzeriaceae Juncaginaceae Potamogetonaceae Ruppiaceae Najadaceae Zannichelliaceae Posidoniaceae Cymodoceaceae Zosteraceae
Order Triuridales
Petrosaviaceae Triuridaceae
Subclass Arecidae
Order Arecales
Arecaceae (palm family)
Order Cyclanthales
Cyclanthaceae
Order Pandanales
Pandanaceae (pandan family)
Order Arales
Acoraceae Araceae Lemnaceae
Subclass Commelinidae
Order Commelinales
Rapateaceae Xyridaceae Mayacaceae Commelinaceae
Order Eriocaulales
Eriocaulaceae
Order Restionales
Flagellariaceae Joinvilleaceae Restionaceae Centrolepidaceae
Order Juncales
Juncaceae Thurniaceae
Order Cyperales
Cyperaceae Poaceae (grass family)
Order Hydatellales
Hydatellaceae
Order Typhales
Sparganiaceae Typhaceae
Subclass Zingiberidae
Order Bromeliales
Bromeliaceae
Order Zingiberales
Strelitziaceae Heliconiaceae Musaceae Lowiaceae Zingiberaceae (ginger family)Costaceae Cannaceae Marantaceae
Subclass Liliidae
Order Liliales
Philydraceae Pontederiaceae Haemodoraceae Cyanastraceae Liliaceae (lily family)Iridaceae (iris family)Velloziaceae Aloeaceae (aloe family)Agavaceae Xanthorrhoeaceae Hanguanaceae Taccaceae Stemonaceae Smilacaceae Dioscoreaceae
Order Orchidales
Geosiridaceae Burmanniaceae Corsiaceae Orchidaceae (orchid family)
Bibliography
Work by Cronquist
Cronquist, Arthur. (1957). Outline of a new system of families and orders of dicotyledons. Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat Brux. 27: 13–40.
Cronquist, Arthur (October 1960). "The divisions and classes of plants". The Botanical Review 26 (4): 425– 482. Bibcode :1960BotRv..26..425C . doi :10.1007/BF02940572 . S2CID 43144314 .Cronquist, Arthur (September 1965). "The Status of the General System of Classification of Flowering Plants" . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 52 (3): 281– 303. Bibcode :1965AnMBG..52..281C . doi :10.2307/2394794 . JSTOR 2394794 .Cronquist, Arthur ; Takhtajan, Armen ; Zimmermann, Walter (April 1966). "On the Higher Taxa of Embryobionta". Taxon 15 (4): 129– 134. Bibcode :1966Taxon..15..129C . doi :10.2307/1217531 . JSTOR 1217531 .Cronquist, A (1981). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants Columbia University Press . ISBN 9780231038805 Cronquist, A (1968). The evolution and classification of flowering plants Cronquist, A (1988) [1968]. The evolution and classification of flowering plants ISBN 9780893273323
This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published by Lindley in his 1853 edition, and Dahlgren (1982). Examples include the works of Scopoli , Ventenat , Batsch and Grisebach .
John Ray system (1686–1704)
A discourse on the seeds of plants Methodus plantarum nova De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta
Post-
Darwinian (Phyletic)
Nineteenth century
Twentieth century
