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Cristóbal de Villalpando (ca. 1649 – 20 August 1714) was a Baroque Criollo artist from New Spain, arts administrator and captain of the guard. He painted prolifically and produced many Baroque works now displayed in several Mexican cathedrals, including the cathedrals in Querétaro and Mexico City, as well as a depiction of the Zócalo (main square) in Mexico City, showing the damage of the 1692 riot to the viceregal palace three years earlier.^[1]^[2]^{: 160–163}

Life

Born in Mexico City to the influential Villalpando family, Cristóbal assumed duties in the local militia as an ensign, as well as painting with Baltasar de Echave Rioja (Echave the Younger) in the Echave workshop.^[3] In 1669, he married María de Mendoza and they had four children. He received several religious art commissions, both in Mexico City and in Puebla. Other paintings by his hand are found in the sacristy of the Mexico City Cathedral.

Villalpando rose to the rank of captain and in 1686 was named one of three directors of the painters' guild in Mexico,^[4] the position he served several times as director (veedor) .^[3]

Villalpando included a self-portrait in his Apparition of Saint Michael on Mount Gargano in the sacristy of the Mexico City cathedral. His portrait is nested among the clergy at the bottom right.^[5]

Villapando died in Mexico City in 1714 and was buried there.

Style

Villalpando's early works attest to the influence of Peter Paul Rubens;^[3] however, as his style continued to develop, he moved away from the extremes of vivid coloring and excessive robustness to a more measured style, using a broad palette and incorporating more of the New World painting traditions.^[3] In his later work he moved away from uniform luminosity, employing greater contrast and placing artificial light sources within his paintings to add a touch of drama.^[3] His work was much emulated.^[3]

Villalpando tailored his style to the nature of the work and to its patron. He employed rough blots and smudges to good effect, but used meticulous brushstrokes when required.

Works

Villalpando's early works include a number for the Puebla Cathedral. These cathedral works include a large painting of The Transfiguration, climaxing with the Assumption of the Virgin on the inside of the dome of the apse chapel,^[3] and incorporate themes from the eucharist.^[5] His large altar piece from the Puebla cathedral, Moses and the Brazen Serpent and the Transfiguration of Jesus (1683) was featured in a recent major exhibit in Mexico City and at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.^[6]

For the sacristy of the Mexico City cathedral he painted^[3]

The Church Militant and the Church Triumphant,
The Triumph of Religion,
The Virgin of the Apocalypse,
Our Lady of Sorrows,
The Apparition of Saint Michael Archangel, and others.

Most of Villalpando's portraits have been lost, as well as a number of his religious works. However, one of his religious masterpieces, The Adoration of the Magi (1683), was recently discovered by an art history professor to have been hanging in the president's office at Fordham University.^[7] It was subsequently featured in the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Villalpando exhibition in 2017.^[6]^[7]

View of the Zócalo of Mexico City (1695)

Villalpando's painting of the main square of Mexico City is an important work not only for showing the major buildings and architectural features surrounding the capital's main square (Metropolitan Cathedral, palace of the viceroy, the palace of the archbishop, the town council or ayuntamiento building, and the enclosed commercial area, the Parían Market, and the canal alongside the Portal de las Flores), but also the activities of Mexico City residents of all races and classes. An important historical feature of the painting is the depiction of the fire damage to the viceroy's palace by mob in 1692. The viceroy of Mexico, Don Gaspar de Sandoval Silva y Mendoza, Count of Gelve, commissioned the painting by Mexico City's foremost artist of the late seventeenth century. Gelves was returning to Spain after a decidedly mixed record as viceroy, which saw disorder culminating in the June 1692 riot and perhaps wanted the painting as a souvenir of his period as viceroy. It is notable that Villalpando paints the ruined façade of the viceroy's palace and does not take artist's license to paint out this major historical event in Mexico City's history. Obviously, from the commercial and social activity in the Zócalo that Villalpando paints in exceptional detail, the main appears to have gone back to its normal importance. Elites in their finery brought by carriage to the square, richly stocked shops, and a plethora of Indian and casta market sellers are depicted.^[2] The view has been considered metonymic, where "Villalpando equates the zócalo with Mexico City. The harmony and prosperity the scene evokes makes it almost possible to ignore the damaged façade of the viceregal palace....^[2]^: 163 The painting, now in the private collection of Lord Methuen at Corsham Court, UK, has been used as the cover illustration for two important books on colonial Spanish America.^[8]^[2]

Gallery

The Annunciation (1706)
Madonna of the Stairs
The Virgin of the Apocalypse
Saint Rose tempted by the devil
Lactation of Saint Dominic
The Deluge
Adam and Eve in Paradise
Saint Michael the Archangel
Archangel Barachiel
Apparition of Saint Michael
Woman of the Apocalypse
The sweet name of Mary
Our Lady of Aranzazú
Immaculate Conception
Flight into Egypt
Saint Paul

References

^ "Cristóbal de Villalpando". Retrieved 16 November 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Richard L. Kagan, Urban Images of the Hispanic World, 1493-1793, with the collaboration of Fernando Marías. New Haven: Yale University Press 2000.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Haces, Juana Gutierrez (2006) "Cristóbal de Villalpando" page 535 In Rishel, Joseph J. and Stratton-Pruitt, Suzanne (editors) (2006) The Arts in Latin America, 1492–1820 Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, ISBN 978-0-300-12003-5
^ "Cristóbal de Villalpando". Retrieved 18 July 2022.
^ ^a ^b Bargellini, Clara (2006) "Painting in Colonial Latin America" pp. 322–334, page 330, In Rishel, Joseph J. and Stratton-Pruitt, Suzanne (editors) (2006) The Arts in Latin America, 1492–1820 Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, ISBN 978-0-300-12003-5
^ ^a ^b Fenton, James. "Moses in Mexico | by James Fenton | the New York Review of Books". {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
^ ^a ^b "Villalpando at the Met: The Rediscovery and Restoration of a 17th-Century Masterpiece". Fordham Newsroom. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
^ D.A. Brading, The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991.