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Crepidula badisparsa
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Order:	Littorinimorpha
Family:	Calyptraeidae
Genus:	Crepidula
Species:	C. badisparsa
Binomial name
	Crepidula badisparsa; Collin, 2005

Crepidula badisparsa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calyptraeidae, the slipper snails or slipper limpets, cup-and-saucer snails, and Chinese hat snails.

It is a small species with flecks of tan and dark brown on the shell. It lives attached to other small gastropods in seagrass beds. This species is unusual in that in produces lecithotrophic larvae which hatch as large pediveligers. They swim for a short while before settling.

This species is currently found only in Panama.

Background

The marine gastropod species, Crepidula badisparsa, is a part of the family Calyptraeidae and is one of the many species of slipper snails found off the coasts of Panama. The species' name comes from the Latin word "Badisparsa," which means scattered, referring to spots on the snail’s shell.^[2] They are also referred to as “Baby’s boats,” “Quarter-deck shells,” and “Lady’s slippers.”^[3] They are known for their plastic shells and simple and conservative anatomy.^[2]

Distribution

Crepidula badisparsa is currently only found on the Atlantic Coast of Panama at depths between 1-2m, in shallow seagrass beds.^[2] Specifically, they have been found in Bocas del Toro Province, Cativa (Coco Solo), and Limon Bay, Panama.^[2] Other species of Crepidula have been found by themselves or attached to other snails, but further research is needed to determine whether Crepidula badisparsa live attached to other snails as well.^[4]

Due to its limited habitat range and location, little research has been done on Crepidula badisparsa’s ecological role within its habitat.^[2]

Description

Crepidula badisparsa are small snails, with a maximum shell length of 13mm. Their shells are mainly white, with at least 50% covered in flecks and streaks of tan and dark brown.^[2] Snails in the family Crepidula have an expanded foot and a limpet-shaped shell.^[5] Their shells also lack muscle scars, and the shape of the individual's shell is determined by the substrate.^[2] Their shells also have a flat-shaped “shelf” that extends on the underside of the snail’s shell and houses the internal organs.^[5] Slipper snails like Crepidula have a posterior apex to their flattened shells and a slight lateral curve.^[6] Adult Crepidula badisparsa lack an operculum, a hard sheet that can be attached to the bottom of the snail's foot to plug the aperture.^[7] Crepidula badisparsa have splotches of yellow and cream on its tentacles, lips, and lappets on its neck. The back side of its head and neck are black and dark gray with black gills.^[2] The shell is attached to the body by a shell muscle extending from the front right portion of the foot to where the shell and shelf meet.^[2]

The taxonomy of Calyptraeidae is well recorded, as the similar morphological characteristics between individual species have made physical identification difficult. This has led to them becoming the subject of many biological and ecological studies, as the consistent taxonomic information makes them favorable subjects.^[3]

Reproduction

Crepidula badisparsa reproduce sexually and exhibit protandrous hermaphroditism, meaning they are born male and develop into females as they grow.^[3] They lay eggs in transparent capsules that are 286 μm in length.^[2] Embryos receive nutrients solely from the yolk and develop vesicles near their heads, as well as an embryonic kidney on both sides of their body.^[2] Further details regarding embryonic development and brood size are currently unknown, however, larvae have been observed to hatch as pediveligers with transparent shells around 515 μm in length.^[2] Their intestines and velum are also transparent after hatching.^[2] Development into pediveligers is unique to this species, as no other members of Crepidula have been observed doing this.^[2]

Diet (feeding habits)

All Crepidula are filter feeders and feed mainly on phytoplankton.^[3] An individual will use adjoining snails to lift itself off the substrate and then use its gills to create currents that trap phytoplankton.^[3] Along with this technique, Crepidula are known to create a mucus net from their gills that catch and transport their food into their food pouch.^[8] Crepidula also use their radula to transfer the food caught by the gills into the mouth.^[8] Crepidula’s feeding occurs in salinities at or above 20 psu.^[9]

References

^ Collin, Rachel (2005). "Crepidula badisparsa sp. nov. (Gastropoda: Calyptraeidae) from Bocas del Toro Province, Panama". Caribbean Journal of Science 41(2): 269-276.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Collin, Rachel (2005). "Crepidula badisparsa sp. nov. (Gastropoda: Calyptraeidae) From Bocas Del Toro Province, Panama". Caribbean Journal of Science. 41 (2): 269–276.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lyons, Deirdre C.; Henry, Jonathan Q. (2022), "Slipper snail tales: How Crepidula fornicata and Crepidula atrasolea became model molluscs", Current Topics in Developmental Biology, vol. 147, Elsevier, pp. 375–399, doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.013, ISBN 978-0-12-820154-1, PMC 9187910, PMID 35337456, retrieved 2023-04-11
^ Collins, Rachel; Wonham, Marjorie J.; Barr, Kelly R. (2006). "Crepidula convexa Say 1822 (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae) in Washington State, U.S.A.". American Malacological Bulletin: 113–116.
^ ^a ^b Henry, Jonathan J.; Collin, Rachel; Perry, Kimberly J. (2010). "The Slipper Snail, Crepidula : An Emerging Lophotrochozoan Model System". The Biological Bulletin. 218 (3): 211–229. doi:10.1086/BBLv218n3p211. ISSN 0006-3185.
^ Collin, R.; Cipriani, R. (2003-12-22). "Dollo's law and the re–evolution of shell coiling". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 270 (1533): 2551–2555. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2517. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1691546. PMID 14728776.
^ Xu, Xiaoyan; Wu, Jianing; Wang, Kai; Yang, Yunqiang; Yan, Shaoze (2019-03-07). "Locking of the operculum in a water snail: Theoretical modeling and applications for mechanical sealing". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 464: 104–111. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.12.036. ISSN 0022-5193.
^ ^a ^b Chaparro, Or; Thompson, Rj; Pereda, Sv (2002). "Feeding mechanisms in the gastropod Crepidula fecunda". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 234: 171–181. doi:10.3354/meps234171. ISSN 0171-8630.
^ Chaparro, O. R.; Montiel, Y. A.; Segura, C. J.; Cubillos, V. M.; Thompson, R. J.; Navarro, J. M. (2008-03-01). "The effect of salinity on clearance rate in the suspension-feeding estuarine gastropod Crepipatella dilatata under natural and controlled conditions". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 76 (4): 861–868. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2007.08.014. ISSN 0272-7714.