A counterfeit is a fake or unauthorized replica of a genuine product, such as money, documents, designer items, or other valuable goods.[1][2][3] Counterfeiting generally involves creating an imitation of a genuine item that closely resembles the original to deceive others into believing it is authentic.[4]
Counterfeit products are often made to take advantage of the higher value of the original product, typically using lower-quality materials or production methods.[5] Counterfeit food, drinks, medicines, and personal care products can contain harmful or inactive ingredients, causing anything from mild issues to serious, life-threatening.[6][7][8][9] Counterfeit footwear, clothing, and accessories have been found to contain high levels of lead, arsenic, and phthalates.[10]
Counterfeit money is currency that is produced without the legal sanction of the state or government; this is a crime in all jurisdictions of the world. The United States Secret Service, mostly known for its guarding-of-officials task, was initially organized primarily to combat the counterfeiting of U.S. dollars in the wake of the American Civil War. Both sides had printed counterfeit notes in attempts to destabilize the other's economy,[11][12] an example of economic warfare.
Counterfeit government bonds are public debt instruments that are produced without legal sanction, with the intention of "cashing them in" for authentic currency or using them as collateral to secure loans or lines of credit through legitimate channels.
Forgery is the process of making facsimiles or adapting documents with the intention to deceive. It is a form of fraud, and is often a key technique in the execution of identity theft. Uttering is a term in United States law for the forgery of non-official documents, such as a trucking company's time and weight logs.
Questioned document examination is a scientific process for investigating many aspects of various documents, and is often used to examine the provenance and verity of a suspected forgery. Security printing is a printing industry specialty, focused on creating legal documents which are difficult to forge.
Counterfeit goods are products that illegally use a registered trademark on items identical or similar to the original, designed to mislead buyers into thinking they are purchasing authentic products.[2][3] Similarly, pirated goods infringe copyright,[13] typically involving unauthorized reproductions or distributions of copyrighted works,[14] such as movies, music, or software. The exact definitions of both counterfeit and pirated goods can vary by country, depending on local intellectual property laws.
The colloquial terms "dupe" (short for "duplicate") or "knockoff" are often used interchangeably with "counterfeit," though they have different meanings.[15] Dupes and knockoffs generally mimic the physical look of other products without copying the brand name or logo of a trademarked item, unlike counterfeits.[16][17] Despite this distinction, counterfeits are frequently misleadingly marketed as dupes.[18]
According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the presence of counterfeit goods in global trade has grown substantially. In 2005, counterfeit and illegally copied products accounted for up to $200 billion in international trade.[19] This figure rose to $250 billion by 2007, representing 1.95% of world trade, up from 1.85% in 2000.[20] By 2019, counterfeit and pirated goods made up approximately 2.5% of global trade, valued at an estimated $464 billion.[21] In the EU, imports of counterfeit and pirated products reached as high as €119 billion (approximately $134 billion), accounting for up to 5.8% of total imports that year.[21]
A Sharpie marker, next to a counterfeit "Shoupie" marker
The increase in counterfeit goods sales, driven by the rise of globalized supply chains and e-commerce, is enabled through the use of small packages, sometimes referred to as de minimis shipments.[1][22] Counterfeit goods purchased from e-commerce websites or social media apps are shipped in small packages to bypass customs inspections and exploit de minimis benefits, such as duty-free imports and expedited customs processing, allowing them to reach buyers directly.[23][24][25] In 2023, 92% of counterfeit seizures in the U.S. involved small packages.[26]
Counterfeit LG brand and products, such as televisions, monitors, air conditioners, etc.
China (including Hong Kong) is a major source of counterfeit goods, responsible for an estimated 80% of the world’s counterfeits,[27] contributing over 1.5% to its GDP,[28][29] and accounting for 84% of all counterfeit items seized by U.S. Customs and Border Protection in 2023.[30] Other significant sources include India, Thailand, the Philippines, Turkey, Vietnam, Colombia, Mexico, and the United Arab Emirates.[30]
The most frequently seized counterfeit items are footwear, clothing, leather goods, and electrical machinery and electronic equipment.[21] In 2023, apparel and accessories made up 26.2% of the counterfeit goods seized by U.S. Customs and Border Protection.[31]
An authentic Intel flash memory IC (right) and a counterfeit replica (left); although the packaging of these ICs is the same, the X-ray images reveal that the inside structure of the fake one is different[32]
Counterfeit components are also present in the military supply chain.[33] A report from an investigation initiated by the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services in March 2011 revealed over 1,800 cases of suspected counterfeit electronic parts within more than 1 million defense-related products.[34][35] A follow-up report in 2012 found that counterfeit parts came "overwhelmingly from China."[36][37] By 2022, concerns over counterfeit components in the supply chain persisted, notably affecting the F-35 fighter jets.[38] In 2023, Forbes reported that Chinese materials, components, and software were still present in the Department of Defense's supply chain.[39]
Counterfeit culture is the thriving markets surrounding fake streetwear. Most commonly, these markets originate out of areas where the inability to buy popular streetwear brands has fueled more sophisticated markets for counterfeit goods. These markets have spawned the emergence of a tribe of widely available copycat brands.
In countries like North Korea and Russia where trade sanctions were imposed in the past to prevent the importation of popular brands, demand was stimulated for available counterfeit alternatives. The economic standing of a country or region also contributed to the demand for these products as the average consumer can't afford luxury prices but will gain the same social impact purchasing a knock-off whose quality is almost indistinguishable from the original's.
Luxury streetwear is out of reach for many people, not just because of international sanctions and low wages, but because exclusivity is built into its business model. Social and cultural forces are driving the unique fashion scene. In particular, social media has a huge influence on over these markets giving people images of things they can't own and further fueling the desire to obtains certain "hyped" items by any means accessible.
Designers have even begun to acknowledge the trend of counterfeit culture by referencing fake or knock-off goods in their designs. This brought counterfeit culture into the realm of popular culture and has essentially shifted global acceptance towards becoming more lenient of these products as an appropriate alternative.
Anti-counterfeiting technologies
Anti-counterfeiting technologies are added to products or their packaging to allow consumers or inspectors to check whether a product is authentic. The EUIPO Observatory on Infringements of Intellectual Property Rights has developed an anti-counterfeiting technology guide,[40] to address the lack of information on technology solutions available on the market and help companies improve their protection against counterfeiting.[41][42] In this guide, the main anti-counterfeiting technologies currently on the market are described, and classified into five main categories:[43]
^ ab"counterfeit". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2024-10-11. A counterfeit is the fraudulent copy of money, documents, designer pieces, or other valuable items.
^ ab"WTO | Glossary - counterfeit". www.wto.org. Retrieved 2024-10-11. Unauthorized representation of a registered trademark carried on goods identical or similar to goods for which the trademark is registered, with a view to deceiving the purchaser into believing that he/she is buying the original goods.
^ ab"WTO | intellectual property (TRIPS) - agreement text - enforcement". www.wto.org. Retrieved 2024-10-11. (a) "counterfeit trademark goods" shall mean any goods, including packaging, bearing without authorization a trademark which is identical to the trademark validly registered in respect of such goods, or which cannot be distinguished in its essential aspects from such a trademark, and which thereby infringes the rights of the owner of the trademark in question under the law of the country of importation;
^"Counterfeiting § 1". American Jurisprudence 2d. Vol. 20 (2nd ed.). West. The term 'counterfeit' signifies the imitation of a genuine article having a resemblance intended to deceive and be taken for the original.
^"Counterfeiting (Intended for a non-legal audience)". International Trademark Association. Retrieved 2024-10-12. In simple terms, counterfeits are imitations of real products that are manufactured without approval from the owner of the brand. Counterfeit products are usually of substantially lower quality than the authentic goods and can even be dangerous, as they are often poorly made or made using dangerous or toxic chemicals and materials. Unfortunately, many well-known and successful companies, spanning just about every industry, fall victim to counterfeiting.
^OECD/EUIPO (2022). Dangerous Fakes: Trade in Counterfeit Goods that Pose Health, Safety and Environmental Risks. Illicit Trade. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/117e352b-en. ISBN978-92-64-34676-5. Counterfeit food, beverages, pharmaceuticals and related personal care items which have been improperly formulated or which contain ingredients that are harmful can have effects ranging from mild inconveniences to consumers, to life-threatening situations. Moreover, in the case of pharmaceuticals, the lack of active ingredients can deprive consumers of the possibility to treat diseases effectively, thus prolonging illnesses that would otherwise be treatable.
^"Overdose deaths from fake pills are rising, especially among younger adults". NBC News. 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2024-10-13. The CDC report, released to coincide with International Overdose Awareness Day, found that from mid-2019 to the end of 2021, overdose deaths involving counterfeit drugs more than doubled, from 2% to 4.7%.
^Ahillan, Tharanika (2024-08-04). "Fifth of medicines in Africa may be sub-par or fake, research finds". The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-10-13. Estimates published last year by the UN Office on Drugs and Crime put the human cost of falsified and substandard medicines at up to 500,000 deaths a year in sub-Saharan Africa.
^Wright, Beth (2022-03-24). "US counterfeit fashion goods contain dangerous chemicals". Just Style. Retrieved 2024-10-13. A new study shows counterfeit fashion goods contain dangerous levels of chemicals and heavy metals, with 36.2% of counterfeit products tested – including clothing, footwear, and other accessories – failing to comply with US product safety standards.
^"Catching Counterfeiters". U.S. Marshals Service. 15 June 2020. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
^Global Trade in Fakes: A Worrying Threat(PDF) (Report). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). June 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2024. ...and the term pirated describes tangible goods that infringe copyright.
^"WTO | intellectual property (TRIPS) - agreement text - enforcement". www.wto.org. Retrieved 2024-10-12. (b) 'pirated copyright goods' shall mean any goods which are copies made without the consent of the right holder or person duly authorized by the right holder in the country of production and which are made directly or indirectly from an article where the making of that copy would have constituted an infringement of a copyright or a related right under the law of the country of importation.
^Judkis, Maura (2023-03-23). "In Gen Z's world of 'dupes,' fake is fabulous — until you try it on". Washington Post. ISSN0190-8286. Retrieved 2024-10-13. Such items used to be called knockoffs...But now they're dupes, a Gen Z rebranding of fashion and beauty products that are cheaper versions of the real thing — duplicate, but also duplicity, since the wearer might trick someone into believing they bought designer.
^Lee, Medora (2023-06-14). "Who needs pricey lululemon leggings or Dyson Airwrap when you can get affordable dupes?". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2024-10-13. ...Counterfeits and dupes aren't technically the same. Dupes copy or imitate the physical appearance of other products but don't copy the brand name or logo of a trademarked item the way a counterfeit, or fake, does.
^"Counterfeiting (Intended for a non-legal audience)". International Trademark Association. Retrieved 2024-10-12. Knock-offs, on the other hand, are designed to look like authentic products, but they are not exact replicas and may differ in some ways. Knock-offs also don't feature the trademark or logo of another brand, but will usually have the brand of the company that made them.
^OECD (2016-04-18). Trade in Counterfeit and Pirated Goods: Mapping the Economic Impact. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Counterfeit and pirated trade is a global and dynamic phenomenon. Recently, markets for IP-infringing products have become increasingly globalized and are affected by global trends. The post-crisis revival of trade, including growing market openings in many regions, the emergence and globalization of value chains, and booming e-commerce in global trade, underpin global market dynamics for both legitimate and counterfeit goods.
^Redfearn, Nick. "Cross-border trade in counterfeit goods". rouse.com. Retrieved 2024-10-12. China's role in counterfeit trade cannot be overstated. Counterfeit goods from China are estimated to make up approximately 12.5 % of China's total exports and over 1.5 % of its GDP...
^"Intellectual Property Rights | U.S. Customs and Border Protection". www.cbp.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-12. Wearing Apparel/Accessories topped the list for number of seizure lines with 26,891 products, representing 26.2% of all IPR seizures in FY 2023. Watches/Jewelry were among the top products seized in terms of total MSRP value with seizures valued at over $1 billion (USD), representing 38.4% of the total value of goods seized in FY 2023. Handbags/Wallets came in second with an estimated value of over $658 million (USD), corresponding to approximately 23.9% of the total value of goods seized due to intellectual property rights violations.
Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut...
Ahmad Riza Patria Wakil Gubernur DKI Jakarta ke-15Masa jabatan15 April 2020 – 16 Oktober 2022GubernurAnies Baswedan PendahuluSandiaga UnoPenggantiLowongAnggota Dewan Perwakilan RakyatRepublik IndonesiaMasa jabatan1 Oktober 2014 – 9 Maret 2020[1]Perolehan suara23.991 (2014)[2] 54.528 (2019)[3] PenggantiIrwan Ardi HasmanDaerah pemilihanJawa Barat V(2014–19)Jawa Barat III(2019–20) Informasi pribadiLahir17 Desember 1969 (umur 54)Banjarmas...
December to RememberPosterGenre Drama Roman SkenarioJoko NugrohoSutradaraJoko NugrohoPemeran Fay Nabila Rafi Sanjaya Zivana Questa Afisah Gissele Salsa Meidya Putri Fariha Abimanya Hesti Lauder Axiz Pranoto Putri Negara asalIndonesiaBahasa asliBahasa IndonesiaJmlh. episode6ProduksiProduser eksekutifGani SubrataProduserAris MudaSinematografiWawan BPenyunting Pahmee R. Thomson Rumah produksiSinemata ProductionsRilis asliJaringanGenflixRilis24 Desember 2021 (2021-12-24) –2 Januari 2...
Le Costa Pacifica. L'AIDAnova premier navire au monde propulsé au GNL. Le Royal Clipper, navire de croisière à voile. Wind Surf, navire-jumeau du Club Med 2. Le Wonder of the Seas plus gros navire au monde en 2022. Balcons et embarcations de sauvetage sur un bateau de croisière en 2016. Un navire de croisière ou bateau de croisière est un navire (généralement un paquebot ou un navire de plaisance à utilisation commerciale) spécialisé dans le transport de passagers, dont le but est ...
Классическая механикаИстория… Фундаментальные понятия Пространство Время Масса Скорость Сила Механическая работа Энергия Импульс Формулировки Ньютоновская механика Лагранжева механика Гамильтонова механика Формализм Гамильтона — Якоби Уравнения Рауса Уравнения ...
Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori brasiliani è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Nádson Nazionalità Brasile Altezza 174 cm Peso 72 kg Calcio Ruolo Attaccante Termine carriera 2016 Carriera Giovanili 1999-2001 Vitória Squadre di club1 2001-2003 Vitória22 (11)2003-2006 Suwon Bluewings71 (35)2006-2007→ Corinthians6 (1)2007-2008 Suwon Bluewings9 (4)2008...
Disambiguazione – ʀ rimanda qui. Se stai cercando il fonema dell'IPA, vedi vibrante uvulare. Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento grafemi non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Yr Nome Antico norreno Yr Significato tasso Forma Fuþark recente Unicode ᛦU+16E6 ᛧU+16E7 Traslitterazione ʀ Trascrizione ʀ, Ʀ IPA [ɻ], [r] O...
North African pie made from meat and layered pastry dough This article is about the North African meat pie. For the Philippine milk-based confectionery, see Pastillas. For Russian fruit confectionery, see Pastila. Bastilla redirects here. For the genus of moths, see Bastilla (moth). Pastilla, North African pieAlternative namesBastilla, Basṭīla, R’zeema, Tajik, MalsoukaTypeMeat pieRegion or stateMaghrebAssociated cuisineMoroccoAlgeriaTunisiaMain ingredientsWarka dough, broth, spices; squa...
US Air Force unit tasked with the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki For the active organization, see 509th Operations Group. 509th Composite Group1946 emblem of the 509th Composite Group while part of the 58th Bombardment Wing, Very HeavyActive17 December 1944 – 10 July 1946CountryUnited StatesBranch United States Army ( Army Air ForcesTypeBombardment and air transport compositeRoleAtomic warfareSize1767 personnel, 15 B-29 and 5 C-54 aircraftPart of313th Bombardment WingTwe...
Provincial pageant in Spain Miss Grand ValenciaFormationFebruary 20, 2022; 2 years ago (2022-02-20)FounderAndreina PérezTypeBeauty pageantHeadquartersValenciaLocationSpainMembership Miss Grand SpainOfficial language Spanish Miss Grand Valencia is a 2022-established provincial female beauty pageant in Spain that aims to select representatives from the province of Valencia for the Miss Grand Spain national competition.[1][2][3][4][5] Si...
Circuit of the AmericasCircuit of the AmericasTata letak Sirkuit Grand PrixLokasiAustin, TexasZona waktuGMT -5 (DST) /-6 (standard)Kapasitas120,000PemilikCircuit of the Americas LLCBroke ground31 Desember 2010; 13 tahun lalu (2010-12-31)Dibuka21 Oktober 2012ArsitekHermann TilkeAcara besarFormula SatuGrand Prix Amerika Serikat(2012–2019, 2021–)FIM MotoGPGrand Prix Sepeda Motor Amerika(2013–2019, 2021–) GT World Challenge AsiaGrand Prix Circuit (2012-sekarang)Panjang5.513 km (3.426...
Type of pale lager beer Not to be confused with Hellas. This article is about the beer. For the place, see Cape Helles. A glass of helles Helles or hell is a traditional German pale lager beer, produced chiefly in Southern Germany, particularly Munich. The German word hell can be translated as bright, light, or pale. Flavour profile Helles-style beers typically are full-bodied, mildly sweet and light-coloured, with low bitterness. The beer is clear due to filtration before bottling,[1]...
Approach to the effective management of people in a company Business administration Management of a business Accounting Management accounting Financial accounting Audit Business entity (list) Corporate group Corporation sole Conglomerate (company) Holding company Cooperative Corporation Joint-stock company Limited liability company Partnership Privately held company Sole proprietorship State-owned enterprise Corporate governance Annual general meeting Board of directors Supervisory board Advi...
Etymology of the term jazz This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Jazz word – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sheet music cover from 1916; spellings such as jas, jass and jasz were seen until 1918. The origin of the word ja...
Letter Ṣa in Indic scripts This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. See why. (October 2021) ṢaExample glyphsBengali–AssameseTibetanཥTamilஷThaiษMalayalamഷSinhalaෂAshoka Bra...
This list includes those recognised minerals beginning with the letters Y and Z. The International Mineralogical Association is the international group that recognises new minerals and new mineral names; however, minerals discovered before 1959 did not go through the official naming procedure, although some minerals published previously have been either confirmed or discredited since that date. This list contains a mixture of mineral names that have been approved since 1959 and those mineral...
Cet article est une ébauche concernant le Concours Eurovision de la chanson et la Belgique. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) ; pour plus d’indications, visitez le projet Eurovision. Belgiqueau Concours Eurovision 2010 Données clés Pays Belgique Chanson Me And My Guitar Interprète Tom Dice Compositeur Tom Dice, Jeroen Swinnen & Ashley Hicklin Parolier Tom Dice, Jeroen Swinnen & Ashley Hicklin Langue Anglais Sélection national...
