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Coptis
	Coptis occidentalis flowers
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Ranunculales
Family:	Ranunculaceae
Subfamily:	Coptidoideae
Genus:	Coptis; Salisb.
Type species
	Coptis trifolia;
Species
	See text

Coptis (goldthread or canker root) is a genus of between 10 and 15 species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to Asia and North America.

Species

Scientific name	Common Name	Distribution
Coptis aspleniifolia Salisb.	fernleaf goldthread, spleenwort-leaf goldthread	British Columbia, in Alaska, and along the Cascades into Washington
Coptis chinensis Franch.	Chinese goldthread	China.
Coptis deltoidea C.Y.Cheng & P.K.Hsiao		China (W. Sichuan)
Coptis huanjiangensis L.Q.Huang, Q.J.Yuan & Y.H.Wang		China (Guangxi)
Coptis japonica (Thunb.) Makino	Japanese goldthread	Japan
Coptis kitayamensis Kadota		Japan (Honshu)
Coptis laciniata A.Gray	Oregon goldthread	California, Oregon, Washington State
Coptis lutescens Tamura		Japan (C. Honshu)
Coptis minamitaniana Kadota		Japan (Kyushu)
Coptis occidentalis (Nutt.) Torr. & A.Gray	Idaho goldthread	Idaho, Montana, Washington
Coptis omeiensis (F.H.Chen) C.Y.Cheng		China (W. Sichuan, Henan)
Coptis quinquefolia Miq.		Taiwan, Japan
Coptis quinquesecta W.T.Wang		Yunnan, China and northern Vietnam.
Coptis ramosa (Makino) Tamura		Japan
Coptis teeta Wall.	Yunnan goldthread	Arunachal Pradesh to China (NW. Yunnan)
Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.	threeleaf goldthread, savoyane, canker-root	Eastern Eurasia, Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Canada, USA
Coptis trifoliolata (Makino) Makino		Japan (N. & Central Honshu)

Uses

Coptis teeta is used as a medicinal herb in China and the Eastern Himalayan regions of India particularly in Mishmi Hills of Arunachal Pradesh where it is used as a bitter tonic for treating malarial fever^[1]^[2] and dyspepsia.^[3] It is also believed to help insomnia in Chinese herbology.^{[citation needed]} The roots contain the bitter alkaloid berberine.^[4] Studies have shown that the species has become endangered both due to overexploitation as well as intrinsic genetic bottlenecks such as high cytoplasmic male sterility induced by genetic mutations.^[5]^[6] As a result of the synaptic mutation and ensuing male sterility the sexual reproduction in the species is significantly depressed.^[6] The dried roots (goldthread) were commercially marketed in Canada until the 1950s or early 60s, to be steeped into a "tea" and swabbed onto areas affected by thrush (candidiasis) infection.^{[citation needed]}

Ecology

The species inhabits warm and cold temperate forests of oak-rhododendron association.^[2] It is occasionally seen growing under bamboo thickets around Mayodia region of Dibang Valley district in the Mishmi Hills of Arunachal Pradesh in India. It flowers during early spring March–April and sets fruit/seed in July–August. The seedlings are rare and are often found germinating on moss laden dead wood on the forest floor or even on moss laden branches of Rhododendron. A new subspecies was recognised in C. teeta by Pandit & Babu and was named as subsp. lohitensis, which is morphologically very different from subsp. teeta and it is geographically distinct and inhabits broad leaf forests in Delai Valley of Lohit district in Arunachal Pradesh, India.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b Pandit MK, Babu CR, 1993. The cytology and taxonomy of Coptis teeta Wall. (Ranunculaceae). Botanical Journal of Linnean Society, 111 : 371 —378
^ ^a ^b Pandit MK, Babu CR, 1998. Biology and conservation of Coptis teeta Wall. – an endemic and endangered medicinal herb of Eastern Himalaya. Environmental Conservation, 25 (3) : 262 —272
^ Huang, J.; Long, C. (2007). "Coptis teeta-based agroforestry system and its conservation potential: A case study from northwest Yunnan". Ambio. 36 (4): 343–49. doi:10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[343:CTASAI]2.0.CO;2. PMID 17626473. S2CID 36420161.
^ Pandit, 1991. Biology & Conservation of Coptis teeta Wall. (Ranunculaceae). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Delhi
^ Pandit, M. K. & Babu, C. R. (2000) Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 133, 525–533.
^ ^a ^b Pandit, M. K. and Babu, C. R. 2003. “The effects of loss of sex in clonal populations of an endangered perennial Coptis teeta (Ranunculaceae),” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 143, no. 1, pp. 47–54.