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Convolutidae; Temporal range: Middle Triassic–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Flatworm-like Waminoa sp. on Plerogyra sp.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Xenacoelomorpha
Order:	Acoela
Superfamily:	Aberrantospermata
Family:	Convolutidae; Graff, 1905
Synonyms
	Anaperidae Dörjes, 1968; Sagittiferidae Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990;

Convolutidae is a family of acoels, belonging to the phylum Xenacoelomorpha. This family contains more than a third of all known acoel species.^[2]^[3]

Description

The family Convolutidae includes acoels with a ventral mouth opening and a body-wall musculature composed both dorsally and ventrally of circular, longitudinal, and longitudinal crossover muscle fibers. The ventral body wall also has a group of U-shaped fibers.^[2] Most species are symbionts with algae.^[2] The anterior end has a cluster of frontal glands, a pair of eyes and a statocyst. The body has pigmented lens. Intestine and excretory system is absent. It is hermaphrodite but protandry is common.

Taxonomy

Genera

There are 26 genera in the family Convolutidae, of which 25 are extant.^[4]^[5] The type genus is Convoluta.

†Gutticorpus Knaust, 2021^[1]
Achoerus Beklemischev, 1914
Adenopea Antonius, 1968
Amphiscolops Graff, 1904
Antrosagittifera Hooge & Tyler, 2001
Brachypea Antonius, 1968
Conaperta Antonius, 1968
Convoluta Ørsted, 1843
Convolutriloba Hendelberg & Akesson, 1988
Haplodiscus Weldon, 1888
Heterochaerus Haswell, 1905
Neochildia Bush, 1975
Oligochoerus Beklemischev, 1963
Oxyposthia Ivanov, 1952
Pelophila Dörjes, 1968
Philachoerus Dörjes, 1968
Polychoerus Mark, 1892
Praesagittifera Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990
Pseudanaperus Dörjes, 1968
Pseudoconvoluta Beklemischev, 1929
Sagittifera Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990
Stomatricha Hooge, 2003
Symsagittifera Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990
Thalassoanaperus Hernandez, 2018
Waminoa Winsor, 1990
Wulguru Winsor, 1988

Species

There are over 100 species recognised in the family Convolutidae:^[4]

†Gutticorpus concentrica Knaust, 2021
Achoerus caspius Beklemischev, 1914
Achoerus ferox Beklemischev, 1937
Achoerus pachycaudatus Dörjes, 1968
Adenopea cenata (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1955)
Adenopea chuni (Brauner, 1920)
Adenopea illardata Löhner & Micoletzky, 1911
Adenopea illardatus (Lohner & Micoletzky, 1911)
Amphiscolops bermudensis Hyman 1939
Amphiscolops castellonensis Steinböck, 1954
Amphiscolops cinereus (Graff, 1874)
Amphiscolops evelinae Marcus 1947
Amphiscolops fuligineus Peebles 1913
Amphiscolops gemelliporus Marcus 1954
Amphiscolops gerundensis Steinböck, 1954
Amphiscolops japonicus Kato 1947
Amphiscolops marinelliensis Beltagi & Khafagi, 1984
Amphiscolops mosaicus Kozloff 1998
Amphiscolops potocani Achatz, 2008
Amphiscolops trifurcatus (Beltagi 1983)
Amphiscolops zeii Riedl 1956
Antrosagittifera corallina Hooge & Tyler, 2001
Brachypea kenoma Antonius 1968
Conaperta antonii Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007
Conaperta cirrata Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007
Conaperta flavibacillum (Jensen, 1878)
Conaperta lineata (Peebles, 1915)
Convoluta albomaculata (Pereyaslawzewa, 1892)
Convoluta baltica Meixner, 1938
Convoluta bimaculata Graff, 1882
Convoluta bohmigi (Brauner, 1920)
Convoluta borealis Sabussow 1900
Convoluta boyeri Bush 1984
Convoluta chiridotae (Beklemischev, 1915)
Convoluta confusa Graff 1904
Convoluta convoluta (Abildgaard, 1806)
Convoluta enelitta Antonius 1968
Convoluta furugelmi Mamkaev, 1971
Convoluta henseni Böhmig, 1895
Convoluta hipparchia Pereyaslawzewa 1892
Convoluta kikaiensis Yamasu 1982
Convoluta krana Antonius, 1968
Convoluta lacazii Graff 1891
Convoluta lacrimosa Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007
Convoluta marginalis Ivanov 1952
Convoluta maris-alba (Sabussow, 1899)
Convoluta marisalbi Sabussov, 1900
Convoluta naviculae Yamasu 1982
Convoluta niphoni Achatz, 2008
Convoluta pelagica Lohner & Micoletzky 1911
Convoluta philippinensis Bush 1984
Convoluta punctata Riedl, 1959
Convoluta pygopora Antonius 1968
Convoluta schmidti Czerniavsky, 1881
Convoluta schuelii Achatz, 2008
Convoluta semperi Graff, 1882
Convoluta sordida Graff 1882
Convoluta thela (Antonius, 1968)
Convoluta uljanini Graff, 1904
Convoluta variabilis (Pereyaslawzewa, 1892)
Convolutriloba hastifera Winsor, 1990
Convolutriloba longifissura Bartolomaeus & Balzer, 1997
Convolutriloba macropyga Shannon & Achatz, 2007
Convolutriloba retrogemma Hendelberg & Akesson, 1988
Haplodiscus acuminatus Böhmig, 1895
Haplodiscus bocki Dörjes 1970
Haplodiscus incola (Leiper, 1902)
Haplodiscus obtusus Böhmig, 1895
Haplodiscus ovatus Böhmig, 1895
Haplodiscus piger Weldon 1888
Haplodiscus ussovi Sabussow, 1896
Haplodiscus weldoni Böhmig, 1895
Heterochaerus australis Haswell 1905
Heterochaerus blumi (Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007)
Heterochaerus carvalhoi (Marcus, 1952)
Heterochaerus langerhansi (Graff, 1882)
Heterochaerus sargassi (Hyman 1939)
Neochildia fusca Bush, 1975
Oligochoerus bakuensis Beklemischev 1963
Oligochoerus chlorella Beklemischev 1963
Oligochoerus conops Beklemischev, 1963
Oligochoerus erythrophthalmus Beklemischev 1963
Oligochoerus limnophilus Ax & Doerjes 1966
Oligochoerus melanops Beklemischev 1963
Oligochoerus xanthella Beklemischev 1963
Oxyposthia praedator Ivanov 1952
Pelophila lutheri (Westblad, 1946)
Philachoerus johanni Dörjes, 1968
Praesagittifera gracilis (Yamasu, 1982)
Praesagittifera naikaiensis (Yamasu, 1982)
Praesagittifera shikoki Kostenko & Mamkaev 1990
Sagittifera sagittifera (Ivanov, 1952)
Stomatricha hochbergi Hooge, 2003
Thalassoanaperus australis (Westblad, 1952)
Thalassoanaperus biaculeatus (Boguta, 1970)
Thalassoanaperus gardineri (Graff, 1911)
Thalassoanaperus ornatus (Beltagi, 2001)
Thalassoanaperus rubellus (Westblad, 1945)
Thalassoanaperus singularis (Hooge & Smith, 2004)
Thalassoanaperus sulcatus (Beklemischev, 1914)
Thalassoanaperus tvaerminnensis (Luther, 1912)
Waminoa brickneri Ogunlana, Hooge, Tekle, Benayahu, Barneah & Tyler, 2005
Waminoa litus Winsor 1990
Wulguru cuspidata Winsor 1988

Notes

References

^ ^a ^b Knaust, Dirk (2021-10-07). "A microbialite with its entombed benthic community from the Middle Triassic (Anisian-Ladinian) Muschelkalk Group of Germany". Palaeontographica Abteilung A. 320 (1–3): 1–63. doi:10.1127/pala/2021/0114. ISSN 0375-0442.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hooge, M. D.; Tyler, S. (2005). "New tools for resolving phylogenies: a systematic revision of the Convolutidae (Acoelomorpha, Acoela)". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 43 (2): 100–113. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00301.x. ISSN 0947-5745.
^ Turbellarian taxonomic database^{[permanent dead link‍]}, 2006.
^ ^a ^b Seth Tyler (2010). "Convolutidae". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
^ Nilsson, K.S., Wallberg, A., & Jondelius, U. (2011). "New species of Acoela from the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and the South Pacific." Zootaxa 2867: 1-31.