Concerto for Two Violins (Bach)

Concerto for Two Violins in D minor, BWV 1043, performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with David Perry and Roxana Pavel Goldstein (violins)
1. Vivace
2. Largo ma non tanto
3. Allegro

The Concerto for Two Violins in D minor, BWV 1043, also known as the Double Violin Concerto, is a violin concerto of the Late Baroque era, which Johann Sebastian Bach composed around 1730. It is one of the composer's most successful works.[1][2]

History

Bach composed his Concerto for Two Violins in D minor, BWV 1043, around 1730, as part of a concert series he ran as the Director of the Collegium Musicum in Leipzig.[3][4][5][6] The concerto was later arranged as a concerto for two pianos by Bach himself as BWV 1062.

Structure

\relative c' { \time 4/4 \clef treble \key d \minor \tempo "Vivace" d16 \f e f g a8 d cis a e g fis d c'4~ c8 b16 a b8 g e g bes d, cis a' d, g f4 e \startTrillSpan d16 \stopTrillSpan }
Incipit from the first movement of the concerto

The concerto is characterized by a subtle yet expressive relationship between the violins throughout the work. In addition to the two soloists, the concerto is scored for strings (first violin, second violin and viola parts) and basso continuo.[3] The musical structure of this piece uses fugal imitation and much counterpoint.[7]

The concerto comprises three movements:

  1. Vivace in D minor, 4
    4
  2. Largo ma non tanto in F major, 12
    8
  3. Allegro in D minor, 3
    4

Performance time of the concerto ranges from less than 13 minutes to over 18 minutes.[8][9]

Reception

Herman Krebbers, Willem van Otterloo and Theo Olof [nl; fr] before the Concertgebouw Orchestra (1958): in 1952 they had recorded Bach's Double Concerto.[10]

Around 1736–1737 Bach arranged the concerto for two harpsichords, transposed into C minor, BWV 1062.[11]

1734–1738 Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach performed the concerto in Frankfurt an der Oder.[3] After his father's death in 1750, Carl Philipp Emanuel inherited some of the original performance parts, likely doubles, of the concerto (surviving: parts for soloists and continuo), and likely also the composer's autograph score (lost).[12][13] The extant original parts were later owned by Georg Poelchau [de], and were added to the Royal Library at Berlin (later converted to the Berlin State Library) in the 1840s.[13] After the Second World War they were lost for several decades, eventually resurfacing in Poland.[13][14]

Manuscript copies of (parts of) the concerto were produced around 1730–1740,[15] in 1760,[16] around 1760,[17] around 1760–1789,[18] and in the early 19th century.[19] The concerto was first published in 1852, by Edition Peters, edited by Siegfried Dehn.[20] In the first volume of his Bach biography (1873), Philipp Spitta describes the concerto as a product of the composer's Köthen period (1717–1723).[21][22] After describing Bach's other extant violin concertos, those in E major (BWV 1042) and A minor (BWV 1041), he adds:[23][24]

Jelly d'Arányi often played Bach's Double Concerto at the London Proms.[25]

The Bach Gesellschaft published the concerto in 1874, edited by Wilhelm Rust.[26] The Neue Bachgesellschaft reports around 25 known public performances of the concerto in the period from late 1904 to early 1907: most of these in Germany, but also performances in other European cities, including London, Madrid, Paris, Riga, St. Petersburg and Vienna, are mentioned.[27] Outside of Europe, there was for instance the performance by Eugène Ysaÿe and Fritz Kreisler in New York in 1905.[28] In London, Bach's Double became a repertoire piece, for instance regularly performed at the Proms.[25]

After commenting that the "A minor and E major concertos are beginning to win a place in our concert halls," Albert Schweitzer writes, in the 1911 English-language edition of his book on Bach:[29]

The concerto for two violins, in D minor, is perhaps more widely known still. It can be played at home, as its orchestral part can be easily transcribed for the piano. Every amateur should know the wonderful peace of the largo ma non tanto in F major.

— Albert Schweitzer[29]

Johannes Umbreit's piano reduction of the orchestral score was published by Henle.[30]

Research by Andreas Glöckner, published in 1982, dispelled prior assumptions that Bach would have composed the concerto in Köthen: Bach's extant autograph parts indicate that the concerto was composed in Leipzig, likely in 1730 or the earlier part of 1731.[6] The New Bach Edition published the concerto in 1986, edited by Dietrich Kilian.[31] According to Peter Wollny, writing in 1999, "The Concerto for two violins in D minor BWV 1043 is today one of the best-known and most frequently performed works of the composer, above all by virtue of its soulful, song-like middle movement."[5]

According to Michael Miller, writing for Penguin's Complete Idiot's Guides, the concerto is one of Bach's eleven most notable compositions.[1] In the Rough Guides, the Double Concerto is described as "one of Bach's very greatest works."[2] The BBC website describes the concerto as "one of Bach's best loved instrumental works."[32] According to the British Classic FM website, "the 'Bach Double' is one of the most famous of his works."[33] The uDiscover Music website lists it among ten essential pieces by the composer.[34]

Recordings

Recordings of the concerto include:

Recordings of BWV 1043
Rec. Soloist I Soloist II Orchestra Conductor Release
1915-01-04 Kreisler Zimbalist string quartet (cello: Bourdon) Rogers Naxos (2001)[28][35][36][37]
1924-04-10 Catterall Bridge, J. S. Hallé Orchestra Harty Columbia (1925)[38][39][40]
≤1926-02 Arányi Fachiri [unidentified] Chapple, S. Vocalion (1926)[41]
1928 Rosé, Ar. Rosé, Al. Rosé Quartet Biddulph (1928)[28][42][43]
1928-07-01 Rosengren, A. Witek [it] Bayreuth orchestra members Schmidt [scores] Columbia (1929)[44][45][46]
1932-06-04 Menuhin Enescu Paris Symphony Orchestra Monteux Vocalion (2010)[47][48][49]
1935-06-24 Zimmermann [nl] Hallmann, F. Concertgebouw Orchestra Mengelberg History XXCM (2001)[50][51]
1937-08-30 Szigeti Flesch [unidentified] Goehr Naxos (2009)[52][53]
1939 Diener [de] Hampe, C. Collegium musicum Diener Electrola (≥1939)[54][55]
c. 1945 Bruun [d] Koppel [da] Danish Chamber Orchestra Wöldike, M. HMV (c. 1945)[56][57]
1945-04–05 Busch Magnes [d] Busch Chamber Players CBS (1975)[58]
1945-11 Menuhin Oistrakh, D. USSR State Symphony Orchestra Orlov Warner (2016)[47][59]
1946 Menuhin Oistrakh, D. Moscow Chamber Orchestra Barshai Doremi (2000)[60]
1946-03-27 Grumiaux Pougnet Philharmonia String Orchestra Susskind Columbia (1946)[61][62]
1946-10 Heifetz RCA Victor Chamber Orchestra Waxman Naxos (2008)[63][64]
1950-06 Stern Schneider Prades Festival Orchestra Casals Cascavelle (2003)[65][66]
1952-01-06 Krebbers Olof [fr] Concertgebouw Orchestra Van Otterloo Philips (1998)[10]
1953-09-15 Menuhin de Vito Philharmonia Orchestra Bernard HMV (1954)[47][67]
1955 Grehling [de] Hendel, G. F. [de] Saar Chamber Orchestra [de] Ristenpart Forgotten Records (2008)[68]
1955 Gilels Kogan, L. Philharmonia Orchestra Ackermann Columbia (1956)[69][70]
1955-04 Erlih Merckel [it] Pro Arte München Redel Forgotten Records (2009)[71]
1956 Barchet [de] Beh, W. Pro Musica Stuttgart Davisson Vox (1956)[9][72]
1956-12-12 Schneiderhan Baumgartner Lucerne Festival Strings Baumgartner DG (2005)[73]
≤1957 Cron, M. Hoffer, P. Orchestre Isaïe Disenhaus Disenhaus, I. GEM (1957)[74][75]
1957-04-17 Oistrakh, D. Oistrakh, I. Gewandhaus Orchestra Konwitschny Berlin Classics (2016)[76]
≤1958 Michelucci Ayo I Musici Philips (1958)[77]
1958 Menuhin Oistrakh, D. RTF Chamber Orchestra Capdevielle Medici.tv (video: 2001)[78]
1958-09-18 Oistrakh, D. Menuhin Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra Georgescu Music & Arts (2000)[47][79][80]
1959 Kogan, L. Gilels Moscow Chamber Orchestra Barshai ICA (2015)[81][82][83]
1959-07-08 Menuhin Ferras Bath Festival Orchestra Menuhin EMI (2009)[47][84]
≤1960 Lautenbacher Vorholz, D. Mainzer Kammerorchester Kehr Vox (1960)[85][86]
1960 Oistrakh, D. Oistrakh, I. Moscow Chamber Orchestra Barshai Le Chant du Monde (1988)[87]
1960-06 Carmirelli Peinemann Munich Philharmonic Rieger Past Daily (2015)[88][89]
≤1961 Frasca-Colombier Garnier, L. Kuentz Chamber Orchestra Kuentz Pierre Verany (1994)[90][91]
1961-02 Oistrakh, D. Oistrakh, I. Royal Philharmonic Goossens DG (1996)[92]
1961-02-18 Oistrakh, D. Oistrakh, I. English Chamber Orchestra Davis ICA Classics (video: 2011)[93]
1961-05 Heifetz Friedman London Symphony Orchestra Sargent Sony (2008)[94][95]
1963-01–02 Büchner [fr] Guntner [d] Münchener Bach-Orchester Richter Archiv (1990)[96][97]
1963-04-30 Peinemann Zanettovich Naples RAI chamber orch. [it] Abbado Fonit Cetra (1995)[98][99]
1964-03 Milstein Morini [unnamed chamber orchestra] Milstein Universal (2016)[100][101][102]
1965-05 Szeryng Rybar Musikkollegium Winterthur Szeryng Philips (2005)[103]
1965-09 Suk Jásek [cs] Prague Symphony Orchestra Smetáček Supraphon (1989)[104][105]
≤1966 Krebbers Olof [fr] Amsterdams Kamerorkest Rieu sr. [nl] Sony (1994)[106][107]
1966 Ferras Schwalbé Berlin Philharmonic Karajan DG (2007)[108]
1967 Varga, T. Varga, G. Varga Festival Chamber Orch. Varga, T. Claves (1993)[109]
1967-01 Harnoncourt, A. Pfeiffer, W. Concentus Musicus Wien Harnoncourt, N. Telefunken (1967)[110]
1968 Oistrakh, D. Oistrakh, I. Moscow Chamber Orchestra Barshai Melodia (2014)[111]
1970-09 Grumiaux Toyoda New Philharmonia Orchestra De Waart Philips (1971)[61][112]
≤1971 Milanova, S. Badev, G. Sofia Chamber Orchestra Kazandjiev Harmonia Mundi (1971)[113]
1971 Kogan, L. Kogan, P. Moscow Radio Symph. Orch. Melodia (2014)[114]
1971-01 Melkus Rantos, S. Capella Academica Wien Melkus DG (1971)[115]
1971-07 Perlman Zukerman English Chamber Orchestra Barenboim EMI (2002)[116][117]
1971-07 Francescatti Pasquier Lucerne Festival Strings Baumgartner DG (2006)[118][119]
1972-02-26 Szeryng García [es] English Chamber Orchestra Szeryng Inta'glio (1992)[120]
≤1974 Kalafusz, H. Rösch, W. Stuttgarter Kammerorchester MHS (1974)[121]
1974 Krachmalnick, J. Menuhin National ASTA String Orchestra Krachmalnick, S. Custom Fidelity (1974)[47]
1975-5 Magyar, T. Goldberg Netherlands Chamber Orchestra Goldberg Philips (1999)[122][123]
1975-09-20 Kamu Segerstam Nationalmuseum orchestra Génetay [sv] BIS (1995)[124]
1976-05-18 Menuhin Stern New York Philharmonic Bernstein Sony (1991)[47][125]
1976-06 Szeryng Hasson St Martin in the Fields Marriner Philips (1982)[126]
1977–78 Suske Kröhner, G. Gewandhaus Orchestra Masur Deutsche Schallplatten (1980)[127]
1978-11 Grumiaux Krebbers Les Solistes Romands Gérecz [fr] Philips (1980)[61][128]
≤1979 Kovács Bálint, M. Budapest Philharmonic Erdélyi Hungaroton (1979)[129]
1979-03 Altenburger Mayer-Schierning, E. Deutsche Bachsolisten Winschermann RCA (1980)[130]
1979-03-03 Menuhin Ricci Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra Gamba MMG (1980)[47][131][132][133]
1980-09-24 Perlman Stern New York Philharmonic Mehta Sony (2004)[134][135]
1981 Kuijken Van Dael La Petite Bande Kuijken Deutsche Harm. Mundi (1996)[136]
1981 Schröder Hirons, C. Academy of Ancient Music Hogwood L'Oiseau-Lyre (1989)[137]
1981-11-12 Menuhin Li London Symphony Orchestra Menuhin HMV (1982)[47][138][139]
≤1982 Stern Zukerman St. Paul Chamber Orchestra Zukerman CBS (1987)[140][141]
1982 Suk Kosina, M. Suk Chamber Orchestra Vlach [cs] Supraphon (1991)[142]
1982-11-17 Mutter Accardo English Chamber Orchestra Accardo EMI (1983)[143][144][145]
1982-12 Stern Mintz Israel Philharmonic Orchestra Mehta Helicon (2014)[146]
≤1983 Kremer St Martin in the Fields Kremer Philips (2003)[147][148]
1983-3 Standage Wilcock , E. The English Concert Pinnock Archiv (2001)[149]
≤1984 Divry, T. Velin, J.-C. Ad artem de Lorraine Redel Forlane (1992)[150][151]
1984-01 Shumsky Tunnell, J. Scottish Chamber Orchestra Nimbus (2001)[152]
1984-04-27 Menuhin Chen, L. Polish Chamber Orchestra Menuhin Polskie Nagrania (1988)[47][153]
1984-12-20 Tretiakov Kagan Moscow Virtuosi Tretiakov Yedang (2001)[154]
≤1985 Laredo Tunnell, J. Scottish Chamber Orchestra Laredo Contour (1985)[155]
1985 Huggett Bury, A. Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra Koopman Erato (1988)[156]
1985-07 Accardo Batjer, M. Chamber Orchestra of Europe Accardo Philips (1986)[157]
1985-12 Menuhin Lysy Camerata Lysy Gstaad [d] Lysy EMI (1987)[47][158][159]
≤1986 Kostyál, K. Rolla [es] Franz Liszt Chamber Orchestra Rolla Hungaroton (1986)[160]
1986-03 Zukerman Midori St. Paul Chamber Orchestra Zukerman Philips (1986)[161]
1986-06 Ritchie Quan, L. Helicon Fuller Reference [nl] (1993)[162]
≤1986-07 Spivakov Futer, A. Moscow Virtuosi Spivakov Castle (1986)[163]
≤1987 Sitkovetsky, D. García [es] English Chamber Orchestra Sitkovetsky, D. Novalis (1987)[164][165]
1987-12-02 Eto Gulli [it] English Chamber Orchestra Menuhin Start Records (1988)[47][166]
≤1988 Brezina, J. Elias, F. Camerata Romana Duvier, E. Pilz Media Group (1988)[167]
1988-07 Spivakov Futer, A. Moscow Virtuosi Spivakov RCA Victor (1990)[168]
1988-11 Bride, P. Crenne, C. Ensemble Instrumental de Fr. Pierre Verany (1994)[169]
1989-05 Mackintosh Wallfisch The King's Consort King Hyperion (1990)[170][171]
1989-05–06 Nishizaki Jablokov, A. Cappella Istropolitana Dohnányi Naxos (1990)[172]
1989-07 Agostini Perez, A. I Musici Philips (1990)[173][174]
1990 Rees Murdoch, J. Scottish Ensemble Rees Virgin (1991)[175]
1990-04-15 Korsakova [de] Korsakov [de] Concertino of Moscow Phil. Russian Disc (1993)[176]
1990-09 Zukerman García [es] English Chamber Orchestra Zukerman RCA Victor (2007)[177]
1991 Spivakov Futer, A. Moscow Virtuosi Spivakov Cascade (Video: 2003)[178]
1992-09-01 Menuhin Lysy Camerata Lysy Gstaad [d] Menuhin Dinemec (1997)[47][179][180]
≤1993 Zweden Verhey Pardubice Chamber Orchestra Vermeulen, J. Dino (1993)[181][182]
1993 Weiss, L. Sand, M. Arcangeli Baroque Strings Sand, M. Music & Arts (1995)[183]
1994 Letzbor [fr] Sepec, D. Ars Antiqua Austria Letzbor Symphonia (2010)[184]
1994-09 Colliard, G. Lethiec, S. Brixi Chamber Orchestra Meister, C. Doron Music (1995)
1995-02 Lamon Melsted, L. Tafelmusik Lamon Sony (1995)[185]
1995-02 Hudeček Sitkovetsky, D. Virtuosi di Praga Sitkovetsky, D. Supraphon (1996)[186]
1995-05 Standage Comberti Collegium Musicum 90 Standage Chandos (1996)[187]
1996 Manze Podger Academy of Ancient Music Manze Harmonia Mundi (1997)[188]
1996 Schmid [de] Rosenkranz, H. Cis Coll. Mozarteum Salzburg Geise, J. Arte Nova (2000)[189]
1996-12-26 Stern Shaham Israel Philharmonic Orchestra BMG (video: 1997)[190][191][192]
1997-06 Röhrig, A. Bundies, U. Musica Alta Ripa MD&G (1998)[193]
1998-12 Pichlmeier, C. Stewart, L. Kölner Kammerorchester Müller-Brühl Naxos (1999)[194][195]
≤1999 Lysy Reuter Camerata Lysy Gstaad [d] Menuhin Arcobaleno (2000)[196]
1999 Poppen Faust Bach-Collegium Stuttgart Rilling Hänssler (1999)[197]
1999 Terakado Wakamatsu, N. Bach Collegium Japan Suzuki BIS (2000)[198]
≤2000 Polack, D. Drzyzgula, K. Lodz Chamber Orchestra Szostak [pl] Brilliant Classics (2000)[199]
2000-09 St. John, L. St. John, S. New York Bach Ensemble Avie (2002)[200]
2000-01 Kennedy Stabrawa Berlin Philharmonic EMI (2001)[201]
2000-10 Hahn Batjer, M. Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra Kahane DG (2003)[202]
2001 Hudson, B. Kussmaul, W. Stuttgarter Kammerorchester Hudson, B. Tacet [de] (2006)[203]
2001 Kuusisto, J. Kuusisto, P. Tapiola Sinfonietta Ondine (2010)[204]
2003 Ingólfsdóttir, U. Ingólfsdóttir, R. Reykjavík Chamber Orchestra Smekkleysa (2013)[205]
2003-06 Valetti [de] Beyer [de] Café Zimmermann Valetti Alpha (2014)[206]
2005 Suwanai Steude, V. Chamber Orchestra of Europe Suwanai Philips (2006)[207]
2005 Tognetti Rathbone Australian Chamber Orchestra Tognetti ABC Classics (2009)[208]
2005-01-24 Beznosiuk [fr] Podger Academy of Ancient Music Beznosiuk Wigmore Hall (2006)[209]
2005-02-26 Großbauer Buchler, W. Vienna Symphony ensemble Birnbaum, C. Solo Musica (2013)[210]
2005-10–11 Hope Blankestijn [nl] Chamber Orchestra of Europe Bezuidenhout Warner (2006)[211][212]
2005-12 Szilvay, R. Simonen [d] Helsinki Strings Szilvay, G. Warner (2010)[213][214]
2006-01-19 Rowland [nl] Koch, M. London Conchord Ensemble Champ Hill (2010)[215]
2006-06-25 Bezzina Corolla, L. Ensemble baroque de Nice [fr] Bezzina Ligia Digital (2010)[216]
2008-06 Fischer Sitkovetsky, A. St Martin in the Fields Fischer Decca (2009)[217][218]
≤2009 Sato Fukuhara, M. Orchestra of St. Luke's MusicMasters (2009)[219]
2009-01 Kristinsdóttir Immer, L. Solistenensemble Kaleidoskop ARS (2011)[220]
2009-10-17 Oliveira Gruesser Arco Ensemble Oliveira Artek (2010)[7][221]
≤2010 Morton, J. Gould Scottish Ensemble Morton, J. BBC (2010)[222]
2010-11-26 Solozobova [de] Zimansky Camerata Musica Barocca Solozobova Bella Musica (2011)[223]
2011 Meyers English Chamber Orchestra Mercurio eOne (2012)[224][225]
2011-03–04 Spissky, P. Eike [no] Concerto Copenhagen Mortensen cpo (2015)[226]
2011-10 Zimmermann Gilbert New York Philharmonic Gilbert NYPO (2012)[227][228]
2012 Tölke, B. Kanzian, M. Ensemble Wien Klang Schulz, C. Preiser (2014)[229]
2012-04 von der Goltz Müllejans Freiburger Barockorchester Harmonia Mundi (2013)[230][231]
2012-05 Eschkenazy Top [nl] Concertgebouw Chamber Orch. Pentatone (2012)[232]
2012-10 Podger Čičić, B. Brecon Baroque Podger Channel Classics (2013)[233][234]
2013-06-14 Debretzeni [d] Homburger [de] English Baroque Soloists Gardiner BBC (2013)[32]
2013-03 Koh Laredo Curtis 20/21 Ensemble Parameswaran, V. Cedille (2014)[235][236]
2013-07 Hirasaki [d] Carmignola Concerto Köln Archiv (2014)[237]
2014-07 Nemtanu, S. Nemtanu, D. [fr] Paris Chamber Orchestra Goetzel [de] Naïve (2015)[238]
2014-11 Bernardini [nl] Daniel, H. Dunedin Consort Butt Linn (2016)[239]
2015-02 Westers, J. Webb, A. Camerata RCO Gutman Records (2017)[240][241]
2015-08 Mutter Wildschut Mutter's Virtuosi Esfahani DG (2015)[242][243]
2016-03–06 Radulović Milošević [sr] Double Sens DG (2016)[244]
2016-06 Korsakova [de] Padovani [it] North Czech Philharmonic Olivieri-Munroe [d] ARS (2019)[245]
2016-10-07 Sato Deans, E. Netherlands Bach Society Sato Bachvereniging (video: 2017)[246]
2017–2018 Faust Forck, B. Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin Forck, B. Harmonia Mundi (2019)[247][248]
2018-02 Sato Valova, Z. Il Pomo d'Oro Erato (2018)[249][250]
≤2019 Kalló [hu] Paulik, L. Capella Savaria Kalló Hungaroton (2019)[251][252][253]

Use in Choreography

Neoclassical choreographer George Balanchine created the ballet Concerto Barocco to the Concerto in D minor for two violins, with two principal female dancers each following one of the instrumental soloists and the corps following the orchestra. Modern dance choreographer Paul Taylor used the second and third movements of Bach's Concerto in D minor (as well as the entire Violin Concerto in E Major) as the music for Esplanade, a dance "based on pedestrian movement".[254]

References

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  2. ^ a b Staines 2010.
  3. ^ a b c Concerto, d BWV 1043 at Bach Digital.
  4. ^ Wolff 2002.
  5. ^ a b Wollny 1999, p. 3.
  6. ^ a b Glöckner 1982, pp. 49–50, 69.
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  8. ^ BACH: Radulović at Deutsche Grammophon website.
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