Comparison of Prolog implementations

The following Comparison of Prolog implementations provides a reference for the relative feature sets and performance of different implementations of the Prolog computer programming language. A comprehensive discussion of the most significant Prolog systems is presented in an article published in the 50-years of Prolog anniversary issue of the journal Theory and Practice of Logic Programming (TPLP).[1]

Portability

Prolog implementations and their mutual influences

There are Prolog implementations that are radically different, with different syntax and different semantics (e.g. Visual Prolog)[2] and sub-communities have developed around different implementations.[2]

Code that strictly conforms to the ISO-Prolog core language is portable across ISO-compliant implementations. However, the ISO standard for modules is an extension which was not fully adopted in most Prolog systems.[2][1]

Factors that can adversely affect portability include: use of bounded vs. unbounded integer arithmetic, additional types such as string objects, advanced numeric types (rationals, complex), feature extensions such as Unicode, threads, and tabling.[3] Use of libraries unavailable in other implementations and library organisation:[2]

Currently, the way predicates are spread over the libraries and system built-ins differs enormously. [...] Fortunately, there are only few cases where we find predicates with the same name but different semantics (e.g. delete/3)

Main features

Platform Features Toolkit Prolog Mechanics
Name OS Licence
Native Graphics
Compiled Code
Unicode
Object Oriented
Native OS Control
Stand Alone Executable
C Interface[a]
Java Interface[a]
Interactive Interpreter
Debugger
Code Profiler
 Syntax
AllegroProlog Unix, Windows, Mac OS X Proprietary (limited free edition available) Yes Yes Yes Yes, via Lisp Yes Yes, via Lisp Yes, via Lisp Yes Yes Yes, via Lisp S-expressions. Full Common Lisp integration.
BProlog Unix, Windows, Mac OS X Proprietary (free for non-commercial uses) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ISO-Prolog, plus event-handling, CLP(FD), and tabling
Ciao Unix, Windows, Mac OS X GPL, LGPL Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ISO-Prolog, plus extensions
DOS-Prolog[4] MS-DOS Proprietary Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Edinburgh Prolog
ECLiPSe Linux, Windows, Solaris, macOS MPL Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Extended Prolog, Multi-dialect, including ISO
GNU Prolog Unix, Windows, Mac OS X GPL, LGPL Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ISO-Prolog
JIProlog JVM, Android AGPL (commercial support available) Yes Yes Yes via Java Yes Yes via Java Yes Yes Yes ISO-Prolog
JLog[5] JVM GPL Yes Yes Yes Yes ISO-Prolog
JScriptLog[5] Web Browser GPL Yes ISO-Prolog
jTrolog[6] JVM LGPL Yes Yes Yes Yes ISO-Prolog
WIN-Prolog[7] Windows Proprietary Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Edinburgh Prolog with extensions
Open Prolog Mac OS Freeware Yes
Poplog Prolog Linux (32- and 64-bit), Unix, Windows Free Open Source Only through POP-11, on Linux Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Edinburgh Prolog, with interfaces to Poplog Common Lisp and Pop-11
Scryer Prolog Linux, Windows, macOS BSD License Yes Yes ISO-Prolog
SICStus Prolog Unix, Linux, Windows, macOS Proprietary Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ISO-Prolog
Strawberry Prolog Windows, Unix Freeware Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Not ISO-Prolog + extensions
SWI-Prolog Unix, Linux, Windows, macOS BSD License Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ISO-Prolog, Edinburgh Prolog
tuProlog JVM, Android LGPL Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ISO-Prolog
Visual Prolog Windows Freeware Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
XSB Prolog Linux, Windows, Solaris, macOS LGPL Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ISO-Prolog, tabled WFS
YAP-Prolog Linux, Windows, Solaris, Mac OS X, HP-UX GPL or Artistic (user choice) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Edinburgh, ISO-Prolog, Quintus and SICStus Prolog compatible
OS-related Web-related
Name Conditional compilation Sockets Multi-threading Tabling HTTP client HTTP server HTML Parser RDF Triple store
BProlog Yes
Ciao Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
ECLiPSe Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
GNU Prolog Yes
WIN-Prolog Yes Yes Yes Yes
Scryer Prolog Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
SICStus Prolog Yes Yes Yes
SWI-Prolog Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Visual Prolog Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
XSB Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
YAP-Prolog Yes Yes Yes Yes

Static analysis

Name Type checker Determinacy checker Call-pattern checker
Ciao Yes Yes Yes
GNU Prolog
SICStus Prolog Yes
SWI-Prolog Yes
Visual Prolog Yes Yes Yes
XSB
YAP-Prolog

Optimizations

Name Tail-Call Optimization Choice Point Elimination Environment Trimming Just-in-Time Indexing
Ciao Yes Yes Yes ?
ECLiPSe Yes Yes Yes multi-argument (compile time)
GNU Prolog Yes Yes Yes
SICStus Prolog Yes Yes Yes
SWI-Prolog Yes Yes Yes Yes
Visual Prolog Yes (compile time) Yes (compile time) N/A N/A (compile time)
XSB Yes Yes Yes ?
YAP-Prolog Yes Yes Yes Yes

Release

Name Version Date
AllegroProlog 1.1.2 2018-12-12
BProlog 8.1 2014-02-23
JIProlog 4.1.7.1 2021-08-26
Ciao 1.22 2022-09-28
DOS-Prolog 8.0
ECLiPSe 7.1 2023-01-01
GNU Prolog 1.5.0 2023-02-21
JLog 1.3.6 2007-09-13
JScriptLog 0.7.5 beta 2007-09-10
jTrolog
WIN-Prolog 8.0 2022-07-14
Open Prolog
Poplog Prolog V16 2020-01-06
Scryer Prolog 0.9.3 2023-11-02
SICStus Prolog 4.9.0 2023-12-18
Strawberry Prolog 6.1 2023-08-23
SWI-Prolog 9.1.18 2023-11-01
tuProlog 2P-Kt 0.31.18 2023-10-24
Visual Prolog 10, Build 1000 2021-04-15
XSB Prolog 5.0 2022-05-15
YAProlog 7.1.0 2020-12-19

Benchmarks

Notes

  1. ^ a b C/Java interface can also be used for graphics and OS control.

References

  1. ^ a b Philipp Körner; Michael Leuschel; João Barbosa; Vítor Santos Costa; Verónica Dahl; Manuel V. Hermenegildo; Jose F. Morales; Jan Wielemaker; Daniel Diaz; Salvador Abreu; Giovanni Ciatto (November 2022), "Fifty Years of Prolog and Beyond", Theory and Practice of Logic Programming, 22 (6), doi:10.1017/S1471068422000102, hdl:10174/33387
  2. ^ a b c d Wielemaker, J.; Costa, V. T. S. (2011). "On the Portability of Prolog Applications". Practical Aspects of Declarative Languages. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 6539. pp. 69–83. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1030.9396. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18378-2_8. ISBN 978-3-642-18377-5.
  3. ^ Jan Wielemaker and Vıtor Santos Costa: Portability of Prolog programs: theory and case-studies. CICLOPS-WLPE Workshop 2010 Archived 2010-07-16 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ^ "DOS-Prolog 8.0". Logic Programming Associates. 5 November 2023.
  5. ^ a b "JLog Homepage". jlogic.sourceforge.net. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  6. ^ "Jtrolog — Java.net". 2012-11-13. Archived from the original on 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  7. ^ "WIN-Prolog 8.0". Logic Programming Associates. 5 November 2023.
  8. ^ B. Demoen, and P. Nguyen, About unnecessary performance differences between Prolog implementations, Proceedings of the Colloquium on Implementation of Constraint and Logic Programming Systems (CICLOPS 2001)
  9. ^ Bothe, K. (1990). "A prolog space benchmark suite". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 25 (12): 54–60. doi:10.1145/122193.122197.
  10. ^ A Summary of XSB Performance (1993)
  11. ^ Demoen, B.; Nguyen, P. L.; Vandeginste, R. (2002). "Copying Garbage Collection for the WAM: to Mark or Not to Mark?". Logic Programming. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2401. pp. 194–208. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.13.2586. doi:10.1007/3-540-45619-8_14. ISBN 978-3-540-43930-1.

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