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The term community school refers to a type of publicly funded school in the United States that serves as both an educational institution and a center of community life. A community school is both a place and a set of partnerships between the school and other community resources. Its integrated focus on academics, youth development, family support, health and social services and community development leads to improved student learning, stronger families and healthier communities. Using public schools as hubs, community schools bring together many partners to offer a range of support and opportunities to children, youth, families and communities—before, during and after school, and on weekends.

According to the Coalition for Community Schools, a branch of the Institute for Educational Leadership,^[1] a community school is "both a place and a set of partnerships between the school and other community resources" with an integrated focus on academics, health and social services, leadership, and community engagement.^[2] Community schools are generally public, i.e. government and tax-payer funded, though many private and charter schools have also adopted the model. One of the difficulties the movement has encountered is the sheer diversity of institutions claiming to be community schools. This, coupled with the decentralized structure of American education,^[3] has hampered efforts to quantify the number of community schools nationally extant.

The movement gained momentum in the Chicago area, where the Federation for Community Schools is working to disseminate the model throughout the public-school infrastructure. With the appointment of Arne Duncan, former CEO of Chicago Public Schools, to the post of Secretary of Education, by President Obama, the concept of "schools as centers of community life"^[4] became a part of the national education agenda during Obama's tenure. Currently, many local, state, and national organizations seek the establishment of community schools throughout the country. Of these the most prominent non-profits are the Coalition for Community Schools, Communities In Schools, Schools of the 21st Century (an initiative of Yale University), the National Community Education Association (NCEA), and the Children's Aid Society. The United States government (through the 21st Century Community Learning Center) and various state governments also provide funding and policy support for community school initiatives.

Characteristics

The American Federation of Teachers defines a community school as one that has:^[5]

community partners, which can include nonprofit organizations, unions, businesses, public agencies, local government, faith-based organizations, philanthropic organizations, post-secondary education institutions, hospitals, and other community organizations
a site coordinator to recruit community partners and facilitate communication.
an advisory team including "the principal, teachers and school staff, school health and mental health professionals, parents, students, and community partners"
support programs that extend beyond the bounds of traditional education. Examples include substance abuse prevention, GED services, housing assistance, and insurance enrollment assistance
programming outside of school hours, with content connected to the curriculum
close communication between parents and educators
a culture of trust, transparency, belonging, and values-based learning
a focus on student health

Research

Several leading universities have established centers to investigate the community-school-family triad. A key focus of the Harvard Family Research Project is "linking families, schools, and communities to support success in school and in life."^[6] The Institute for Education and Social Policy at New York University^[7] also studies the relationship between these three tributaries to student learning. Fordham University's National Center for Schools and Communities^[8] has a slightly narrower focus, emphasizing quality education for minority and low-income students. At Johns Hopkins University, the Center on School, Family, and Community Partnerships^[9] augments academic research with guides to best practices and workshop resources for parents, educators, and activists.

Scholarship has made explicit the precise effects of such partnerships on everything from drop-out rates to standardized test results. For example, a 2003 study of 82 Maryland elementary schools found, after controlling for external variables, that "the degree to which schools were working to overcome challenges to family and community involvement predicted higher percentages of students scoring at or above satisfactory on state achievement tests."^[10] Joyce Epstein, the director of the Center on Schools, Family, and Community Partnerships is a lead researcher in the field. In a 2005 article for The Journal of Educational Research,^[11] she and colleague Steven Sheldon not only established the link, via data collection and analysis, between school-family-community partnerships and improved student attendance, they also laid out several activities to reduce chronic absenteeism. The establishment of channels of communication between schools and parents, workshops for parents, and after-school programs for students are among the best practices utilized by the community school model of education.

In 2020 Mavis G. Sanders and Claudia L. Galindo published an impact review volume, Reviewing the Success of Full-Service Community Schools in the US.^[12]

Policy

The Full Service Community Schools (FSCS) Grant Program, part of an amendment to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965,^[13] offers grants from the Department of Education intended to fund the establishment, or expansion, of one or more community schools. Grants will be awarded annually and are estimated to range between $275,000 – 500,000 per annum. Applicants must be part of a consortium that consists of a local educational agency and one or more community-based organizations, non-profit organizations, or other public or private entities.

References

^ Institute for Educational Leadership. "IEL | Institute for Educational Leadership". Archived from the original on 2012-06-29. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
^ "What Is a Community School? The Coalition for Community Schools "Coalition for Community Schools". Archived from the original on 2009-07-26. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
^ "Structure of US Education." http://www.america.gov/st/educ-english/2008/September/20080911223538eaifas0.320335.html Archived 2012-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Arne Duncan on Charlie Rose." https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLQNFnUhWhw
^ "Is My School a Community School?" (PDF). American Federation of Teachers. 2017.
^ Harvard Family Research Project. http://www.hfrp.org/
^ Institute for Education and Social Policy. http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/iesp/ Archived 2019-08-16 at the Wayback Machine
^ National Center for Schools and Communities. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-05-28. Retrieved 2012-07-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Center on School, Family, and Community Partnerships. "National Network of Partnership Schools: Center on School, Family, and Community Partnerships". Archived from the original on 2002-09-24. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
^ Sheldon, S. B. (2003). Linking Schools-Family-Community Partnerships in Urban Elementary Schools to Student Achievement on State Tests. The Urban Review, 35, 149-165. Accessed 3 September 2009 through JSTOR.
^ Epstein, J. L. & Sheldon, S.B. (2005). Present and Accounted for: Improving Student Attendance through Family and Community Involvement. The Journal of Educational Research, 95, 308-318. Accessed 4 September 2009 through JSTOR.
^ Sanders, Mavis G.; Galindo, Claudia L. (2020). Reviewing the Success of Full-Service Community Schools in the US : Challenges and Opportunities for Students, Teachers, and Communities. Milton: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-04365-5. OCLC 1204145239.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Department of Education http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/pg67.html