Colorimetry (chemical method)

This article is about a chemical measurement method. For more general color measurement, see Colorimetry.
Not to be confused with Calorimetry.

A Duboscq colorimeter, 1870, which allowed visual comparison of the absorptions in two columns of fluids while adjusting their depths
Colorimeter for NO2 analysis, Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, ca.1930

In physical and analytical chemistry, colorimetry or colourimetry is a technique used to determine the concentration of colored compounds in solution.[1] A colorimeter is a device used to test the magnitude of a solution by measuring its absorbance of a specific wavelength of light (not to be confused with the tristimulus colorimeter used to measure colors in general).

To use the colorimeter, different solutions must be made, including a control or reference of known concentration. With a visual colorimeter, for example the Duboscq colorimeter illustrated, the length of the light path through the solutions can be varied while filtered light transmitted through them is compared for a visual match. The concentration times path length is taken to be equal when the colors match, so the concentration of the unknown can be determined by simple proportions.[2] Nessler tubes work on the same principle.

There are also electronic automated colorimeters; before these machines are used, they must be calibrated with a cuvette containing the control solution. The concentration of a sample can be calculated from the intensity of light before and after it passes through the sample by using the Beer–Lambert law. Photoelectric analyzers came to dominate in the 1960s.

The color or wavelength of the filter chosen for the colorimeter is extremely important, as the wavelength of light that is transmitted by the colorimeter has to be the same as that absorbed by the substance being measured. For example, the filter on a colorimeter might be set to red if the liquid is blue.

Absorption colorimeter

A colorimeter is a device used to test the concentration of a solution by measuring its absorbance of a specific wavelength of light. To use this device, different solutions must be made, and a control (usually a mixture of distilled water and another solution) is first filled into a cuvette and placed inside a colorimeter to calibrate the machine. Only after the device has been calibrated you can use it to find the densities and/or concentrations of the other solutions. You do this by repeating the calibration, except with cuvettes filled with the other solutions. The filter on a colorimeter must be set to red if the liquid is blue. The size of the filter initially chosen for the colorimeter is extremely important, as the wavelength of light that is transmitted by the colorimeter has to be same as that absorbed by the substance.

Colorimetric assays

Main article: Colorimetric analysis

Colorimetric assays use reagents that undergo a measurable color change in the presence of the analyte. They are widely used in biochemistry to test for the presence of enzymes, specific compounds, antibodies, hormones and many more analytes. For example,

  • para-Nitrophenylphosphate is converted into a yellow product by alkaline phosphatase enzyme.
  • Coomassie Blue is an aromatic dye that binds to aromatic proteins and positively charged amino acid residues within the protein structure.[3] The binding interaction results in a spectrum shift, enabling quantitative measurement of the protein concentration. A similar colorimetric assay, the Bicinchoninic acid assay, uses a chemical reaction to determine protein concentration.
  • The Biuret assay utilizes a biuret reagent which turns purple in the presence of proteins due to the chelation of copper salts in an alkaline solution.[4]
  • Enzyme linked immunoassays use enzyme-complexed-antibodies to detect antigens. Binding of the antibody is often inferred from the color change of reagents such as TMB.

See also

References

  1. ^ Housecroft, Catherine; Constable, Edwin (2006). Chemistry: an introduction to organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry. Pearson Education. pp. 349–353. ISBN 978-0-13-127567-6.
  2. ^ Louis Rosenfeld (1999). Four centuries of clinical chemistry. CRC Press. pp. 255–258. ISBN 978-90-5699-645-1.
  3. ^ Astrof, Nathan S.; Horowitz, Gail (July 10, 2018). "Protein Colorimetry Experiments That Incorporate Intentional Discrepancies and Historical Narratives". Journal of Chemical Education. 95 (7): 1198–1204. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.7b00633.
  4. ^ Bianchi-Bosisio, A. (2005). "PROTEINS | Physiological Samples". Encyclopedia of Analytical Science. pp. 357–375. doi:10.1016/B0-12-369397-7/00494-5. ISBN 978-0-12-369397-6.