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CloudSat
	Artist's Concept of CloudSat
Mission type	Atmospheric research
Operator	NASA
COSPAR ID	2006-016A
SATCAT no.	29107
Website	CloudSat home page
Mission duration	Planned: 22 months ; Final: 17 years, 11 months, 25 days
Spacecraft properties
Bus	BCP-2000
Manufacturer	Ball Aerospace
Launch mass	700 kg (1,543 lb)
Dimensions	2.54 × 2.03 × 2.29 m (8.3 × 6.7 × 7.5 ft) ; (H × L × W)
Start of mission
Launch date	April 28, 2006, 10:02:16 UTC
Rocket	Delta II 7420-10C
Launch site	Vandenberg, SLC-2W
End of mission
Disposal	Passivated
Deactivated	December 15, 2023, 2:24:30 UTC
Last contact	23 April 2024 (Decommissioned)
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric
Regime	LEO
Semi-major axis	7,080.59 km (4,399.67 mi)
Eccentricity	0.0000824
Perigee altitude	709 km (441 mi)
Apogee altitude	710 km (440 mi)
Inclination	98.23 degrees
Period	98.83 minutes
RAAN	330.82 degrees
Argument of perigee	91.62 degrees
Mean anomaly	14.57 degrees
Mean motion	14.57
Epoch	25 January 2015, 03:10:38 UTC
Revolution no.	46,515

CloudSat is a Passivated NASA Earth observation satellite, which was launched on a Delta II rocket on April 28, 2006, and is awaiting disposal. It used radar to measure the altitude and properties of clouds, adding to the information on the relationship between clouds and climate to help resolve questions about global warming.^[2]

It operated in daytime-only operations from 2011 to 2023 due to battery malfunction, requiring sunlight to power the radar. On December 20, 2023, the Cloud Profiling Radar was deactivated for the final time, ending the data collection portion of the mission.

The mission was selected under NASA's Earth System Science Pathfinder program in 1999. Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. in Boulder, Colorado, designed and built the spacecraft.

CloudSat's primary mission was scheduled to continue for 22 months to allow more than one seasonal cycle to be observed.

Instrument

The main instrument on CloudSat was the Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), a 94-GHz nadir-looking radar that measures the power backscattered by clouds as a function of distance from the radar. The radar instrument was developed at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, with hardware contributions from the Canadian Space Agency. The overall design of the CPR was simple, well understood, and had a strong heritage from the many cloud radars already in operation in ground-based and airborne applications. Most design parameters and subsystem configurations were nearly identical to those for the Airborne Cloud Radar, which has been flying on the NASA DC-8 aircraft since 1998.

The CPR capitalized on existing radar expertise and experience at JPL. Other radars already flown successfully or developed by JPL include the Seasat SAR, the Shuttle Imaging Radars (SIR-A, SIR-B, SIR-C), the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), Magellan Venus Radar Mapper, Cassini Radar (mapping Saturn's moon Titan), NSCAT, and SeaWinds.

Based on radar lifetime data, NASA expected the radar to operate for at least three years with a 99% probability.

CloudSat is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Colorado State University provides scientific leadership and science data processing and distribution. The cost of this project was approximately $200 million.^[3]

Impact on radio astronomy

Power levels of the CloudSat radar were such that the receiver electronics deployed on a typical radio telescope could be burned out if the telescope was pointing at the zenith during an overflight. Moreover, the typical receiver would probably saturate during an overflight (or near overflight) no matter where the radio telescope were pointed, and similarly strong signal levels would have been received if a telescope pointed at or near CloudSat whenever the satellite was above the horizon (which could be of order one hour per day at a typical location). The narrow-band, Doppler-shifted radar signal would probably have been detectable in even fairly short integrations no matter where a radio telescope were pointed, whenever CloudSat was above the horizon.^[4]^[5]^[6]

References

^ "CLOUDSAT Satellite details 2006-016A NORAD 29107". N2YO. 25 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
^ Stephens, Graeme L.; Vane, Deborah G.; Boain, Ronald J.; Mace, Gerald G.; Sassen, Kenneth; Wang, Zhien; Illingworth, Anthony J.; O'connor, Ewan J.; Rossow, William B.; Durden, Stephen L.; Miller, Steven D.; Austin, Richard T.; Benedetti, Angela; Mitrescu, Cristian (2002). "THE CLOUDSAT MISSION AND THE A-TRAIN: A New Dimension of Space-Based Observations of Clouds and Precipitation". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 83 (12): 1771–1790. doi:10.1175/BAMS-83-12-1771. ISSN 0003-0007.
^ "CloudSat Press Kit" (PDF). NASA/JPL.
^ "Radio Astronomy and CloudSat". Scientific Committee on Frequency Allocations for Radio Astronomy and Space Science. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
^ "CLOUDSAT - consequences for Radio Astronomy". Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
^ Liszt, Harvey (2020-01-08). "Radio Astronomy in a New Era of Satellite Radiocommunication". AAS 235. p. 27m08s. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 13 March 2020.