Clausena

Clausena
Clausena lansium
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Subfamily: Aurantioideae
Genus: Clausena
Burm.f.
Type species
Clausena excavata[1]
Burm.f.
Synonyms[2]
  • Cookia Sonn.
  • Fagarastrum G.Don
  • Gallesioa M.Roem.
  • Glaucena Vitman
  • Myaris C.Presl
  • Piptostylis Dalzell
  • Polycyema Voigt
  • Quinaria Lour.

Clausena is a genus of flowering plants in the citrus family, Rutaceae. It was first defined by the Dutch botanist Nicolaas Laurens Burman in 1768. It is distributed in Africa, southern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands.[3]

This genus is in the subfamily Aurantioideae, which also includes genus Citrus. It is in the subtribe Clauseninae, which are known technically as the remote citroid fruit trees.[4][5]

Clausena was named for the Norwegian clergyman, Peder Claussøn Friis (1545-1614), the translator of the Icelandic historian and poet, Snorri Sturluson.[6]

Description

The genus includes shrubs and trees. Some species are variable, with many forms. C. anisata, for example has been described as a shrub under a meter tall and as a tree of 20 metres (66 ft).[4] The leaves of these plants are pinnate, divided into leaflets. The inflorescence varies in form, but is generally a cluster of several flowers with 4 or 5 petals and sepals. The fruit is a berry which lacks the pulp of many other fruits in the citrus family.[3] The genus can be distinguished from related plants by the presence of a gynophore, a structure supporting the ovary in the flower. It looks very different in the various species, however, and can be hard to recognize.[4]

Uses

C. anisata is a tree used for its wood,[7] and in traditional medicine.[8] C. excavata is used medicinally in Asia for a variety of conditions, including snakebite, malaria, dysentery, and HIV infection.[9] Some species, such as C. indica and C. lansium (wampi), produce edible fruit. Wampi is cultivated as a fruit tree, and though it is only a remote relative of citrus, it can be grafted to various citrus trees. There are sour, sweet, and intermediate varieties of C. lansium.[4]

Fossil record

A Clausena leaf fossil from the Oligocene of Ethiopia, represents so far the oldest record of the genus.[10]

Diversity

The taxonomy of the genus is unclear.[4] There are between about 15 and 30 species.[3] Many formerly used names were made synonyms in a 1994 revision.[11]

Species include:[12][13]

References

  1. ^ "Clausena Burm.f." Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
  2. ^ "Clausena Burm.f."
  3. ^ a b c Clausena. Flora of China.
  4. ^ a b c d e Swingle, W. T., rev. P. C. Reece. Chapter 3: The Botany of Citrus and its Wild Relatives. Archived 2013-09-01 at archive.today In: The Citrus Industry vol. 1. Webber, H. J. (ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. 1967.
  5. ^ Citrus Variety Collection. College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences. University of California, Riverside.
  6. ^ "CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants" - Umberto Quattrocchi (2012)
  7. ^ "Clausena anisata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  8. ^ a b Forster, Paul I. (2000). "Clausena smyrelliana (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae), a new and critically endangered species from south-east Queensland". Austrobaileya. 5 (4): 715–720. JSTOR 41738949.
  9. ^ Thongthoom, T., et al. (2010). Biological activity of chemical constituents from Clausena harmandiana. Archives of Pharmacal Research 33(5), 675-80.
  10. ^ Citrus linczangensis sp. n., a Leaf Fossil of Rutaceae from the Late Miocene of Yunnan, China by Sanping Xie, Steven R Manchester, Kenan Liu and Bainian Sun - International Journal of Plant Sciences 174(8):1201-1207 October 2013.
  11. ^ a b Molino, J. F. (1994). Révision du genre Clausena Burm. f.(Rutaceae). Adansonia 1, 105-53.
  12. ^ Clausena. The Plant List.
  13. ^ GRIN Species Records of Clausena. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
  • Media related to Clausena at Wikimedia Commons
  • Data related to Clausena at Wikispecies