Bacteriocins for which disulfide bonds are the only modification to the peptide are Class II bacteriocins.
Class IIa
One important and well studied class of bacteriocins is the class IIa or pediocin-like bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria. All class IIa bacteriocins are produced by food-associated strains, isolated from a variety of food products of industrial and
natural origins, including meat products, dairy products and vegetables. Class IIa bacteriocins are all cationic, display anti-Listeria activity, and kill target cells by permeabilizing the cell membrane.[2][3][4]
Class IIa bacteriocins contain between 37 and 48 residues.[5] Based on their primary structures, the peptide chains of class IIa bacteriocins may be divided roughly into two regions: a hydrophilic, cationic and highly conserved N-terminal region, and a less conserved hydrophobic/amphiphilic C-terminal region. The N-terminal region contains the conserved Y-G-N-G-V/L 'pediocin box' motif and two conserved cysteine residues joined by a disulfide bridge. It forms a three-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet supported by the conserved disulfide bridge. This cationic N-terminal beta-sheet domain mediates binding of the class IIa bacteriocin to the target cell membrane. The C-terminal region forms a hairpin-like domain that penetrates into the hydrophobic part of the target cell membrane, thereby mediating leakage through the membrane. The two domains are joined by a hinge, which enables movement of the domains relative to each other.[3][4]
Some proteins known to belong to the class IIa bacteriocin family are listed below:
The class IIb bacteriocins (two-peptide bacteriocins) require two different peptides for activity. It includes the alpha enterocins and lactococcin G peptides. These peptides have some antimicrobial properties; they inhibit the growth of Enterococcus spp. and a few other Gram-positive bacteria. These peptides act as pore-forming toxins that create cell membrane channels through a barrel-stave mechanism and thus produce an ionic imbalance in the cell[8]
Class IIc
Protein family
Bacteriocin_IIc
x-ray structure of bacteriocin as-48 at ph 4.5. sulphate bound form
Other class II bacteriocins can be grouped together as Class IIc (circular bacteriocins). These have a wide range of effects on membrane permeability, cell wall formation and pheromone actions of target cells. In particular, Bacteriocin AS-48 is a cyclic peptideantibiotic produced by the eubacteriaEnterococcus faecalis (Streptococcus faecalis) that shows a broad antimicrobial spectrum against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteriocin AS-48 is encoded by the pheromone-responsive plasmid pMB2, and acts on the plasma membrane in which it opens pores leading to ion leakage and cell death.[9] The globular structure of bacteriocin AS-48 consists of five alpha helices enclosing a hydrophobic core. The mammalian NK-lysin effectorprotein of T and natural killer cells has a similar structure, though it lacks sequence homology with bacteriocins AS-48.
References
^Fregeau Gallagher NL, Sailer M, Niemczura WP, Nakashima TT, Stiles ME, Vederas JC (December 1997). "Three-dimensional structure of leucocin A in trifluoroethanol and dodecylphosphocholine micelles: spatial location of residues critical for biological activity in type IIa bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria". Biochemistry. 36 (49): 15062–72. doi:10.1021/bi971263h. PMID9398233.
^Ennahar S, Sonomoto K, Ishizaki A (1999). "Class IIa bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria: antibacterial activity and food preservation". J. Biosci. Bioeng. 87 (6): 705–16. doi:10.1016/S1389-1723(99)80142-X. PMID16232543.
Fregeau Gallagher, N. L.; Sailer, M.; Niemczura, W. P.; Nakashima, T. T.; Stiles, M. E.; Vederas, J. C. (1997). "Three-Dimensional Structure of Leucocin a in Trifluoroethanol and Dodecylphosphocholine Micelles: Spatial Location of Residues Critical for Biological Activity in Type IIa Bacteriocins from Lactic Acid Bacteria†,‡". Biochemistry. 36 (49): 15062–15072. doi:10.1021/bi971263h. PMID9398233.
External links
Class II bacteriocin and related families is variously recorded in Pfam and InterPro as:
