Cirratulidae is a family of marine polychaete worms. Members of the family are found worldwide, mostly living in mud or rock crevices.[2] Most are deposit feeders, but some graze on algae or are suspension feeders.[1] Although subject to multiple revisions over time, cirratulids are among the few polychaete clades with a verified fossil record.
Description
Cirratulids vary in size from one to twenty centimetres long. They are mostly burrowers in soft sediments but some live in rock crevices. The head is conical or wedge-shaped and has no antennae. The body is generally cylindrical, tapering at both ends. Cirratulids are characterised by a large number of simple elongate filaments along the body. Some of these occur as an anterior cluster of tentacles, grooved for deposit-feeding, but the majority, the branchiae, are found one pair per segment, and do not have grooves. The chaetae (bristles) are simple capillaries, usually with hooks, and emerge directly from the body wall. There are no anal cirri (slender sensory appendages). The worm is usually buried with only the writhing branchial filaments visible.[2][3] Some cirratulids can build tubes of calcium carbonate.[4] A study by Guido et al. (2024)[5] reported cirratulid aggregates as the first known example in the animal kingdom of the so called double-phased biomineralization process.
When alive, the body, branchiae and tentacular filaments are often red, orange or yellow, though species of Dodecaceria are dark green or black. Terebellidae and other worm families may superficially look similar to cirratulids with a mass of filaments. However, in terebellids, the filaments arise from the mouth or are restricted to the anterior three segments, whereas cirratulid branchiae occur throughout the body, one pair per segment.[6]
Taxonomy
The genera are poorly defined and Blake undertook a partial revision in 1996. He divided them into three groups, the multi-tentaculate genera such as Cirratulus and Cirriformia, the bi-tentaculate soft-substrate genera such as Caulleriella, Chaetozone, Tharyx and the bi-tentaculate hard substrate genera such as Dodecaceria.[7]
There is considerable confusion as to the phylogenetic relationships in the family and Blake suggests that many species with global distributions will be found to represent species complexes within which some species are presently undescribed.[7]
Fossil record
The earliest cirratulid on record, Dodecaceria cretacea (Voigt, 1971), later reclassified as the ichnofossilCaulostrepsis cretacea, was responsible for leaving boring traces on Late Cretaceous coral reefs.[8] There's no known Paleocene record, but from the Eocene onwards, reports of cirratulid bioconstructions in South Africa and the Americas are relatively frequent. Two species within Diplochaetetes, D. longitubus (Weissermel, 1913)[9] and D. longitubus vermicularis (Weissermel, 1926),[10] are known from Namibian sites. The species D. mexicanus (Wilson, 1986) was reported in Oligocene to Miocene fossiliferous sites across multiple locations in the pacific coasts of the Americas, from Mexico[11] to Peru.[12] Recent cirratulid bioconstructions found in the same areas are attributed to the genus Dodecaceria.[13]
Several authors, such as Reish (1952),[14] Fischer et al. (1989,[15] 2000[13]) and Guido et al. (2024)[5] have reported many similarities between Dodecaceria and Diplochaetetes bioconstructions, but whether the two genera should be considered synonyms or not remains unresolved.
^ abGuido A, D'Amico F, DeVries TJ, Kočí T, Collareta A, Bosio G, Sanfilippo R (2024). "Double-phased controlled and influenced biomineralization in marine invertebrates: The example of Miocene to recent reef-building polychaete cirratulids from southern Peru". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 639: 112060. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112060.
^ abBlake, J.A. (1996). Family Cirratulidae Ryckholdt, 1851. pp. 263-384 in Blake, J.A., Hilbig, B. & Scott, P.H. (eds) The Annelida. Part 3 Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Vol. 6. Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and western Santa Barbara Channel. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History : Santa Barbara, California
^Voigt E (1971). "Fremdskulpturen an Steinkernen von Polychaeten-Bohrgängen aus der Maastrichter Tuffkreide". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 45(3-4): 144–153. doi:10.1007/BF02989572.
^Weissermel W (1913). "Uber tertiäre Versteinerungen von den Bogenfelser Diamantfeldern II. Tabulaten und Hydrozoen". Beiträge zur geologischen Erforschung der deutschen Schutzgebiete. 5: 84–111.
^Weissermel W (1926). "Neues uber Tabulaten, Hydrozoen und eine Hexakoralle aus dem Tertiar der Bogenfelser Diamantenfelder". Die Diamantenwuste Sudwest-Afrikas. (ed Kaiser, H.). 2: 88–106.
^Wilson EC (1986). "The first tertiary sclerosponge from the Americas". Palaeontology. 29(3): 577–583.
^Kočí T, Bosio G, Collareta A, Sanfilippo R, Ekrt B, Urbina M, Malinverno E (2021). "First report on the cirratulid (Annelida, Polychaeta) reefs from the Miocene Chilcatay and Pisco Formations (East Pisco Basin, Peru)". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 107: 103042. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103042.
^ abFischer R, Pernet B, Reitner, J (2000). "Organomineralization of cirratulid annelid tubes-fossil and recent examples". Facies. 42: 35–49. doi:10.1007/BF02562565.
^Reish DJ (1952). "Discussion of the colonial tube-building polychaetous annelid Dodecaceria fistulicola Ehlers". Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences. 51: 103–107. doi:10.3160/0038-3872-51.3.103.
^Fischer R, Galli Oliver C, Reitner J (1989). "Skeletal structure, growth, and paleoecology of the patch reef-buildingpolychaete worm Diplochaetetes mexicanus wilson, 1986 from the oligocene of baja california (Mexico)". Geobios. 22(6): 761–775. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(89)80071-3.
