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Christopher Codrington
Christopher Codrington
Governor of the Leeward Islands
	In office; 1699–1704
Monarchs	William III (1699–1702) ; Queen Anne (1702–1704)
Preceded by	Christopher Codrington
Succeeded by	John Johnson
Personal details
Born	c. 1668; Barbados
Died	7 April 1710 (aged 41); Barbados
Resting place	All Souls College, Oxford
Spouse	Mauldline Morange
Children	William Codrington
Alma mater	Christ Church, Oxford
Occupation	Army officer, planter, colonial administrator
Military service
Allegiance	England
Branch/service	English Army
Rank	Lieutenant-Colonel
Unit	1st Regiment of Foot Guards
Battles/wars	Nine Years' War Attack on Martinique; Siege of Namur; ; War of the Spanish Succession Capture of Saint Kitts; Siege of Guadeloupe; ;

Lieutenant-Colonel Christopher Codrington (c. 1668 – 7 April 1710) was an English Army officer, planter and colonial administrator who served as governor of the Leeward Islands from 1699 to 1704. Born on Barbados into the planter class, he inherited one of the largest sugar plantations in the colony. Codrington travelled to Europe during the late-17th century and served in the Nine Years' War and War of the Spanish Succession, taking part in numerous engagements.

After dying in 1710, his will and testament established and endowed Codrington College with his estates in Barbados and Barbuda. Codrington's will also endowed the Codrington Library at All Souls College, Oxford with a gift of books and money. In November 2020, his name was removed from the library as a result of the George Floyd protests due to Codrington's ownership of slaves.

Early life

Christopher Codrington was born in Barbados c. 1668, the eldest son of Christopher Codrington and his wife Gertrude. The Codrington Plantations were one of the largest in Barbados and the family was extremely wealthy. He had a younger brother, who suffered from mental disability.^[1] Codrington never married, although he had a natural mixed-race son, William, from a relationship with a Black woman named Mauldline Morange. William was left £500 in his father's will and became a plantation owner in the colony of Jamaica.^[2]

Career

Later described by Edmund Burke as "by far ... the most distinguished ornament Barbados ever produced", Codrington was academically talented; educated in England, he studied at Christ Church, Oxford, and was elected to All Souls College in 1690. Part of an intellectual circle that included Charles Boyle and Joseph Addison, he became known as an avid book collector.^[3]

In 1693, he returned to the West Indies to take part in an unsuccessful attack on the French possession of Martinique, before serving in Flanders during the Nine Years' War. Having fought with distinction at Huy and Namur in 1695, William III gave him a commission as captain in the English Army's 1st Regiment of Foot Guards.^[4] This was often a largely honorary post, since only 16 of the nominal 24 companies were actually formed; under the practice known as double-ranking, Guards officers held a second, higher army position and Codrington ranked as a lieutenant colonel.^[5]

His father died shortly after the Peace of Ryswick ended the Nine Years War in 1697, and he was appointed Governor of the Leeward Islands in 1699. He became embroiled in a number of local disputes and accusations of abuse of power, which were investigated by Parliament. He was exonerated just before the War of the Spanish Succession began in 1702; after successfully retaking Saint Kitts from the French, he resigned after a failed attack on Guadeloupe in 1703, which severely damaged his health. His attempts to re-enter politics proved unsuccessful and he spent the rest of his life in retirement on his Barbadian estates.^[6]^[7]

Legacies

After his death on 7 April 1710, Codrington's body was brought to England and buried on 19 June that year in All Souls Chapel; his will left £10,000 and £6,000 worth of books to endow the Christopher Codrington library in All Souls College, which includes his statue by Sir Henry Cheere. In January 2021, his name was removed from the library due to Codrington's ownership of slaves, and a plaque was placed outside commemorating the enslaved workers who were held on his plantations.^[8]

His other legacies included £1,500 for a monument to his father in Westminster Abbey, while the Codrington Plantations and part of Barbuda were left to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts to establish a college in Barbados.^[7] Delays caused by legal challenges meant that Codrington College was not completed until 1745, and was initially confined to white students.^[6] It remains an Anglican theological school and is now part of the University of the West Indies.^[9] The Codrington School, first established in 1917 before closing in the 1990s, was reopened in 2002 as an International Baccalaureate school.^[10]

The Codrington baronets retained ownership of Betty's Hope plantation in Antigua until 1944.^[11]

Citations

^ Parker 2011, p. 186.
^ Parker 2011, pp. 189.
^ Parker 2011, pp. 186–187.
^ Dalton 1896, p. 66.
^ Springman 2008, p. 11.
^ ^a ^b Mandelbrote 2020.
^ ^a ^b Chisholm 1911.
^ Shaw 2021.
^ Codrington College.
^ The Codrington School.
^ "Newsletter No. 131" (PDF). The Antigua & Barbuda High Commission. January–February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.

Bibliography

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Codrington, Christopher" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 636.
"Codrington College". Codrington.org. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
Dalton, Charles (1896). English army lists and commission registers, 1661–1714, Volume IV. Eyre & Spottiswoode.
Mandelbrote, Scott (2020). "Codrington, Christopher (1668–1710)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5795. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Parker, Mathew (2011). The Sugar Barons; Family, Corruption, Empire and War. Windmill Books. ISBN 978-0099558453.
Shaw, Annie (6 January 2021). "Oxford University's All Souls College drops Christopher Codrington's name from its library". The Art Newspaper. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
Springman, Michael (2008). The Guards Brigade in the Crimea (2014 ed.). Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1844156788.
"The Codrington School; International School of Barbados". The Codrington School. Retrieved 14 January 2021.