Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)

Christian Democratic People's Party
Kereszténydemokrata Néppárt
AbbreviationKDNP
PresidentZsolt Semjén
Deputy President
Founded13 October 1944; 80 years ago (1944-10-13)
Legalised1989
Preceded byUnited Christian Party
Headquarters1141 Budapest, Bazsarózsa utca 69.
Youth wingYoung Christian Democratic Alliance
Women's wingChristian Democratic People's Party Women's Wing[1]
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing[6]
ReligionCatholic Church
National affiliationFidesz–KDNP
European affiliationEuropean People's Party (1994–2024)
European Parliament groupEuropean People's Party (2009–2024)
Patriots for Europe
(2024–present)
International affiliationCentrist Democrat International
Colors    Green and gold
SloganTöbb fényt! ("More Light!")
National Assembly
19 / 199
European Parliament
1 / 21
Website
kdnp.hu

The Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungarian: Kereszténydemokrata Néppárt, pronounced [ˈkɛrɛsteːɲdɛmokrɒtɒ ˈneːpːaːrt], KDNP [ˈkaːdeːjɛmpeː]) is a right-wing Christian democratic[3][7] political party in Hungary. It is officially a coalition partner of the ruling party, Fidesz, but is mostly considered a satellite party of Fidesz.[8][9] The party has been unable to get into the Parliament on its own since the 1990s (with the last time it did so being 1994), as it was not able to pass the election threshold of 5% of the vote. Without Fidesz, its support is now low enough that it can no longer be measured,[10][11][12] and even a leading Fidesz politician, János Lázár, stated that Fidesz does not consider the government to be a coalition government.[13]

History

Logo of the Democratic Peoples' Party, 1944–1949

The party was founded under the name of KDNP on 13 October 1944 by Hungarian Catholic statesmen, intellectuals and clergy, and was a successor to the pre-war United Christian Party.[14] Among the founders were Bishop Vilmos Apor, Béla Kovrig (president of the University of Cluj-Napoca), László Varga [hu], Count József Pálffy, ethnographer Sándor Bálint and political journalist István Barankovics. It was an offshoot of the Catholic Social Folk Movement (KSzN), a civil organization. At the beginning of 1945 they elected Barankovics as principal secretary.

The new KDNP enjoyed just four or five months of semi-legality towards the end of World War II. At the end of the war, the communist-dominated post-war authorities refused to legalize it or permit it to operate further. Despite attempts by Varga and Barankovics, they were refused official permission to operate and take part in elections. Some of the party's founders, including Varga, were imprisoned for some days by detachments of the Arrow Cross Party.

Meanwhile, some party members were saying that Barankovics conceded too much to the communist-influenced authorities in return for too little, and there was growing friction between two factions: the Christian socialist left wing led by Barankovics and the conservative-clerical right wing led by József Mindszenty's confidant, József Pálffy. The left wing gained increasing ascendancy in the party, and on 8 May 1945, Barankovics replaced Pálffy as president. The party changed its name to the Democratic People's Party (DNP), while a group led by Pálffy founded a new party called KDNP, which, however, failed to remain legal in an atmosphere of increasing Soviet influence. The 1947 elections saw the DNP finish second in the popular vote, winning 60 of the 411 seats.[15]

DNP was a democratic and anticommunist organisation. In 1949, Mátyás Rákosi asked Barankovics for the party's leaders to help him in the show trial against Cardinal Mindszenty, who was already ill in prison. Barankovics refused and, abandoning his party, escaped to Austria in an American diplomat's car. Many people followed his example; others were imprisoned by communists. The party was subsequently dissolved in January 1949.[16]

Refoundation and present

The party was refounded in 1989 with its present name. The link between the historical party and the present one is disputed, although prominent members of the original party, like László Varga, took part in its refoundation. The party won 21 seats in the 1990 parliamentary election and entered the government with the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) and the Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party (FKgP) and, later, the United Smallholders' Party (EKGP).

In the 1994 election, KDNP won 22 seats in the National Assembly and moved into opposition to the new coalition between the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) and the Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ). It lost all of its seats in the 1998 election.

In 2002 it formed a joint list with the Centre Party but again it did not manage to win any seats.

In 2005 KDNP signed an agreement with Fidesz for election cooperation, a result of which the KDNP obtained seats in the National Assembly. In the 2006 elections this alliance gained strength, winning 42.0% of the list votes and 164 representatives out of 386 in the National Assembly. The party decided to form a self-contained parliamentary faction with 23 representatives.

The Fidesz-KDNP Alliance won the 2010 election, with the KDNP increasing its seats to 36; party leader Zsolt Semjén was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for National Politics. The alliance won again in the 2014 and 2018 election, although KDNP decreased its seats to 16. The party currently holds two ministers in the Fourth Orbán Government: party leader Zsolt Semjén (Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for National Politics, Church Affairs and Nationalities) and János Süli (Minister for the planning, construction and commissioning of the two new blocks at Paks Nuclear Power Plant).

The party is considered by many to have become a satellite party of Fidesz.[17] Without Fidesz, its support cannot be measured,[18][19][20] and even a leading Fidesz politician, János Lázár stated in 2011 that Fidesz does not consider the government to be a coalition government.[21]

KDNP was a member of the European People's Party (EPP) until 2024. Although its ally Fidesz's membership has been suspended on 20 March 2019, and its MEPs left the European People's Party group on 3 March 2021, KDNP retained its European affiliation and their only MEP György Hölvényi remained the sole member of the EPP group from Hungary thereafter.[22] In response to the admission of Tisza Party to EPP following the 2024 European Parliament election, the KDNP decided to leave EPP and its parliamentary group on 18 June 2024, denouncing a betrayal of Christian Democratic values by the EPP; it subsequently joined Patriots for Europe alongside Fidesz.[23]

Ideology

This article is part of a series on
Conservatism in Hungary
Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary
Ideologies
Principles
History
Intellectuals
Politicians
Parties
Active

Defunct

Alliances
Organisations
Media
Related topics

KDNP is a right-wing, conservative Christian democratic party. It is well known in Hungary for its traditional-marriage, anti-abortion and anti-immigration stance, and its representatives voted against the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe because it did not refer to Europe's Christian heritage, although the party does not consider itself Eurosceptic.[24] The party emphasises traditional values on issues like abortion, family law, education and the role of the church more than Fidesz, which takes a more secular position.[25]

KDNP has supported the severe restriction on Sunday shopping ("free Sunday", as they called) for a long time, citing Christian values. Parliament voted on the issue on December 14, 2014[26] and the law came into effect on March 15, 2015[27] (a Sunday on which shops would have been closed anyway, the day being a public holiday in Hungary). Public opinion was predominantly against the decision. Three polls done in the spring of 2015 registered an opposition of 64% (Szonda Ipsos), 62% (Medián) 59% (Tárki). By the end of May, according to a poll by Medián, 72% of those polled disliked the new law, even the majority of Fidesz-KDNP voters were against it.[28] Opposition parties and private persons tried to start a public referendum several times. By November 2015 there were 16 such attempts, but none of them were approved, for various bureaucratic reasons,[29] until in early 2016 one of these attempts, initiated by the Hungarian Socialist Party, was finally successful. The government, rather than being forced to hold the referendum (which could have been interpreted as a huge success for the opposition party, even though the law was opposed by the majority of Fidesz voters too) lifted the ban in April 2016.[30]

Election results

National Assembly

Election Leader National vote Seats +/– Status
Votes %
1945[a] István Barankovics 2,697,137 57.03 (#1)
2 / 409
 New Coalition
(FKgP-MKP-MSZDP-NPP-KNDP)
1947 824,259 16.50 (#2)
60 / 411
 Increase 58 Opposition
Election Leader SMCs MMCs Seats +/– Status
Votes % Votes %
1990 Sándor Keresztes 287,614 5.80 (#5) 317,183 6.46 (#6)
21 / 386
 New Coalition
(MDF-FKgP-KNDP) (1990–1993)
(MDF-EKGP-KNDP) (1993–1994)
1994 László Surján 397,887 7.37 (#6) 379,573 7.03 (#5)
22 / 386
 Increase 1 Opposition
1998 György Giczy 129,791 2.90 (#8) 116,068 2.58 (#8)
0 / 386
 Decrease 22 Extra-parliamentary
2002[b] László Varga 182,256 3.24 (#4) 219,029 3.90 (#4)
0 / 386
 Steady 0 Extra-parliamentary
2006[c] Zsolt Semjén 2,269,241 41.99 (#1) 2,272,979 43.21 (#2)
23 / 386
 Increase 23 Opposition
2010[c] 2,732,965 53.43 (#1) 2,706,292 52.73 (#1)
36 / 386
 Increase 13 Supermajority
(Fidesz-KDNP)
Election Leader Constituency Party list Seats +/– Status
Votes % Votes %
2014[c] Zsolt Semjén 2,165,342 44.11 (#1) 2,264,780 44.87 (#1)
16 / 199
 Decrease 20 Supermajority
(Fidesz-KDNP)
2018[c] 2,636,201 47.89 (#1) 2,8224,551 49.27 (#1)
16 / 199
 Steady 0 Supermajority
(Fidesz-KDNP)
2022[c] 2,823,419 52.52 (#1) 3,060,706 54.13 (#1)
18 / 199
 Increase 2 Supermajority
(Fidesz-KDNP)
  1. ^ Run in a joint list with FKgP.
  2. ^ Run as part of the Centre Party-KDNP coalition.
  3. ^ a b c d e Run as part of the Fidesz–KDNP coalition.

European Parliament

Election List leader Votes % Seats +/− EP Group
2009[a] Pál Schmitt 1,632,309 56.36 (#1)
1 / 22
 New EPP
2014[a] Ildikó Pelczné Gáll 1,193,991 51.48 (#1)
1 / 21
 Steady 0
2019[a] László Trócsányi 1,824,220 52.56 (#1)
1 / 21
 Steady 0
2024[a] Tamás Deutsch 2,048,211 44.82 (#1)
1 / 21
 Steady 0 PfE
  1. ^ a b c d Run as part of the Fidesz–KDNP coalition.

See also

Sources

  1. ^ "Juhász Hajnalka: Fontos az azonos értékrendű közösség, mert erőt ad és összetart".
  2. ^ András Körösényi (1999). Government and Politics in Hungary. Central European University Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-963-9116-76-4.
  3. ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2018). "Hungary". Parties and Elections in Europe.
  4. ^ András Körösényi (1999). Government and Politics in Hungary. Central European University Press. p. 66. ISBN 9786155211379.
  5. ^ Samu, Tamás Gergő (2008). "Euroszkepticizmus és Reformszerződés" [Euroscepticism and the Reform Treaty] (PDF). De Iurisprudentia et Iure Publico (in Hungarian). 2 (2). Szeged: Hungarian Association of Law and Political Sciences: 13. ISSN 1789-0446. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  6. ^ Kovács, Zoltán (2001). "The Geography of Post-Communist Parliamentary Elections in Hungary". In Meusburger, Peter; Jöns, Heike (eds.). Transformations in Hungary: Essays in Economy and Society. Springer-Verlag. p. 253. ISBN 978-3-642-57584-6. ISSN 1431-1933.
  7. ^ Magone, José (2011). Contemporary European Politics: A Comparative Introduction. Routledge. pp. 364, 456. ISBN 978-1-136-93398-1.
  8. ^ Alexander Herholz (2012-02-12). "Sanctions on Hungary: What For and Why Now?".
  9. ^ Dr. Agnes Batory (2010). "Election Briefing no. 51: Europe and the Hungarian Parliamentary Elections of April 2010" (PDF).
  10. ^ hvg.hu (2010-07-21). "Nemigen mérhető a KDNP támogatottsága".
  11. ^ Szonda Ipsos polls (2009-07-02). "Javuló Fidesz és Jobbik, stagnáló MSZP". Archived from the original on 2012-02-02. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
  12. ^ "Interjú Harrach Péterrel az Origo.hu hírportálon (Interview with KDNP politician Péter Harrach)". 2011-05-13.
  13. ^ hvg.hu (2011-07-18). "Lázár a KDNP-nek: "ez nem egy koalíciós kormány" (Lázár: This is not a coalition government)".
  14. ^ Vincent E McHale (1983) Political parties of Europe, Greenwood Press, p511 ISBN 0-313-23804-9
  15. ^ Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p931 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
  16. ^ Nohlen & Stöver, p911
  17. ^ Alexander Herholz • (2012-02-26). "Sanctions on Hungary: What For and Why Now?". Fair Observer. Retrieved 2020-10-08.
  18. ^ Zrt, HVG Kiadó (2010-07-21). "Nemigen mérhető a KDNP támogatottsága". hvg.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2020-10-08.
  19. ^ "Javuló Fidesz és Jobbik, stagnáló MSZP". 2012-02-02. Archived from the original on 2012-02-02. Retrieved 2020-10-08.
  20. ^ "Harrach Péter". harrachpeter.fidesz.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2020-10-08.
  21. ^ Zrt, HVG Kiadó (2011-07-18). "Lázár a KDNP-nek: "ez nem egy koalíciós kormány"". hvg.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2020-10-08.
  22. ^ "A KDNP-s Hölvényi György reméli, hogy belülről tudnak még valamit tenni a Néppártért". 24.hu (in Hungarian). 8 March 2021. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  23. ^ "A Tisza Párt felvétele miatt a KDNP kilép az Európai Néppártból". 444.hu (in Hungarian). 18 June 2024. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  24. ^ The party KDNP.hu (in Hungarian)
  25. ^ Ilonszki, Gabriella (2019). "Hungary: From Coalitions to One-Party Dominance". Coalition Governance in Central Eastern Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 227.
  26. ^ KDNP.hu. "Megszavazta az Országgyűlés a szabad vasárnap bevezetését".
  27. ^ HVG.hu (2015-03-15). "Vasárnapi boltzár: "Annyian voltak, mint a sáskák"".
  28. ^ Origo.hu (2015-06-30). "Már a Fidesz-szavazóknak is elegük van a vasárnapi zárva tartásból".
  29. ^ 444.hu (2015-11-11). "Bármi áron meg kell akadályozni, hogy népszavazás legyen a vasárnapi zárva tartásból".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ usnews.com (2016-04-11). "Hungary's government says it has asked parliament to repeal a very unpopular law banning most retail stores from opening on Sundays".

Read other articles:

Souq Haraj Ibn Qasim

Flea marketplace in southern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Souq Haraj Ibn Qasimسوق حراج ابن قاسمAddressAl-Haʼir Road, al-Masani, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaManagementArriyadh Holding CompanyWebsitearhc.com.sa Souq Haraj Ibn Qasim (Arabic: سوق حراج ابن قاسم), locally pronounced as Haraj bin Gassem, Haraj bin Jassem, or simply Souq Haraj (Arabic: سوق حراج, romanized: sūq ḥarāǧ, lit. 'auction market'), is an outdoor second-hand flea marketplace in the ...

 

 

Paus Inosensius II

PausInosensius IIAwal masa kepausan14 Februari 1130Akhir masa kepausan24 September 1143PendahuluHonorius IIPenerusSelestinus IIInformasi pribadiNama lahirGregorio PapareschiLahirtidak diketahuiRoma, ItaliaWafat24 September 1143Roma, Italia Inosensius II, nama lahir Gregorio Papareschi (wafat di Roma, Italia, 24 September 1143), adalah Paus Gereja Katolik Roma sejak 14 Februari 1130 sampai 24 September 1143. lbs Paus Gereja Katolik Daftar paus grafik masa jabatan orang kudus Nama Paus Abdikasi...

 

 

Nieuwegein

Nieuwegein, adalah sebuah gemeente Belanda yang terletak di provinsi Utrecht. Pada tahun 2023 daerah ini memiliki penduduk sebesar 65.426 jiwa. Lihat pula Daftar munisipalitas Belanda lbsMunisipalitas di provinsi Utrecht Amersfoort Baarn Bunnik Bunschoten De Bilt De Ronde Venen Eemnes Houten IJsselstein Leusden Lopik Montfoort Nieuwegein Oudewater Renswoude Rhenen Soest Stichtse Vecht Utrecht Utrechtse Heuvelrug Veenendaal Vijfheerenlanden Wijk bij Duurstede Woerden Woudenberg Zeist Artikel ...

Kon-Katedral Poprad

Kon-Katedral PopradKon-Katedral Bunda Dukacitabahasa Slowakia: Konkatedrála Sedembolestnej Panny MárieKon-Katedral PopradKon-Katedral PopradLokasi di SlovakiaKoordinat: 49°03′22″N 20°17′51″E / 49.056148°N 20.29737°E / 49.056148; 20.29737LokasiPopradNegaraSlowakiaDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaSejarahDedikasiBunda DukacitaArsitekturStatusKatedralStatus fungsionalAktifAdministrasiKeuskupanKeuskupan Spiš Kon-Katedral Poprad atau yang bernama resmi Kon-Kat...

 

 

Ulangan 18

Ulangan 18Bagian gulungan 4Q41 yang memuat Ulangan 5:1-6:1 termasuk Sepuluh Perintah Allah, dari antara Gulungan Laut Mati yang berasal dari abad ke-1 SM.KitabKitab UlanganKategoriTauratBagian Alkitab KristenPerjanjian LamaUrutan dalamKitab Kristen5← pasal 17 pasal 19 → Ulangan 18 (disingkat Ul 18) adalah bagian dari Kitab Ulangan dalam Alkitab Ibrani dan Perjanjian Lama di Alkitab Kristen yang merupakan kitab ke-5 dan terakhir dalam kumpulan kitab Taurat yang disusun oleh Musa.&#...

 

 

2011 Big Ten men's basketball tournament

College basketball tournament 2011 Big Ten men's basketball tournamentClassificationDivision ISeason2010–11Teams11SiteConseco FieldhouseIndianapolis, IndianaChampionsOhio State (4th title)Winning coachThad Matta (3rd title)MVPJared Sullinger (Ohio State)Top scorerTalor Battle (70 points)TelevisionBTN, ESPN, ESPN2, and CBSBig Ten men's basketball tournaments← 20102012 → 2010–11 Big Ten Conference men's basketball standings vte Conf Overall Team W  ...

Mars Cube One

2018 Mars flyby mission MarCO redirects here. For other uses, see Marco (disambiguation). Mars Cube One (A & B)Rendering of the two MarCO spacecraft in communications relayMission typeCommunications relay test Mars flybyOperatorNASAWebsitewww.jpl.nasa.gov/cubesat/missions/marco.phpMission durationMARCO A: 7 months and 30 days MARCO B: 7 months and 24 days Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraft type6U CubeSatManufacturerJPLLaunch mass13.5 kg (30 lb) each[1] S...

 

 

Dominikus Zimmermann

Gereja Ziarah di Steinhausen an der Rottum Dominikus Zimmermann adalah seorang arsitek, pelukis, ahli hiasan gips Jerman Selatan.[1] Ia mewarisi keahlian ini dari didikan ayah tirinya Christoph Schaffler dan Schmuzer yang keduanya merupakan ahli hiasan gips.[1] Dominikus Zimmermann sering berkerjasama dengan kakaknya yang bernama Johann Baptist Zimmermann.[1] Ia terkenal sebagai arsitek bangunan besar seperti gereja.[1] Pada awalnya, ia diperintahkan untuk memb...

 

 

コルク

この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。（このテンプレートの使い方）出典検索?: コルク – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL（2017年4月） コルクを打ち抜いて作った瓶の栓 コルク（木栓、�...

美国众议院

此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2021年7月4日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目，无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：美国众议院 — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（判定指引）。 美國眾議院 United States House of Representatives第118届美国国会众议院徽章 众议院旗...

 

 

哈萨克斯坦总统

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言，清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日（哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統） 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

 

 

نويهآوزل

نويهآوزل    شعار   الإحداثيات 50°23′13″N 7°42′48″E / 50.386944444444°N 7.7133333333333°E / 50.386944444444; 7.7133333333333   [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد ألمانيا[2]  التقسيم الأعلى منطقة فيستر فالد كرآيس  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 1.67 كيلومتر مربع (31 ديسمبر 2017)[3]  ارتفاع 340 ...

Kyla Ross

American artistic gymnast Kyla RossRoss in 2018Personal informationFull nameKyla Briana RossNickname(s)Mighty Mouse[1]Silver Princess[2]Kyla Boss[3]Country represented United StatesBorn (1996-10-24) October 24, 1996 (age 27)Honolulu, Hawaii, USAHometownAliso Viejo, California, USAResidenceFayetteville, Arkansas, USAHeight5 ft 7 in (170 cm)[4]DisciplineWomen's artistic gymnasticsLevelJunior Elite (2009–11)Senior Elite (2...

 

 

Tarian Malam

Tarian Malam (Dances of Night)SutradaraChairun NissaTanggal rilis2014Durasi60 MenitNegaraBahasaBahasa Indonesia Tarian Malam adalah sebuah film dokumenter karya sutradara Chairun Nissa. Film ini berkisah tentang perjalanan Nan Jombang, kelompok seni tari kontemporer dari Sumatera Barat. [1] [2] Referensi ^ http://ffd.or.id/film/tarian-malam/ Diarsipkan 2014-12-16 di Wayback Machine.. ^ http://www.goethe.de/ins/id/lp/prj/tco/arc/asf/pad/en13045075.htm.

 

 

List of British films of 1978

Cinema of theUnited Kingdom List of British films British horror 1888–1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 19241925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 19341935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 19441945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 19541955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 19641965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 19741975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995...

جاك اوكي

جاك أوكي (بالإنجليزية: Jack Oakie)‏  معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة لويس ديلاني أوفيلد الميلاد 12 نوفمبر 1903(1903-11-12)الولايات المتحدة الوفاة 23 يناير 1978 (74 سنة)كاليفورنيا, الولايات المتحدة سبب الوفاة أم الدم الأبهرية  مكان الدفن متنزه فورست لاون التذكاري  مواطنة الولايات المتحدة...

 

 

Fourth International Posadist

Trotskyist faction founded 1962 by J. Posadas J. Posadas, founder of Posadism Part of a series onTrotskyism Concepts Anti-fascism Anti-Stalinism Bureaucratic collectivism Critique of political economy Cross-class alliance Deformed workers' state Degenerated workers' state Democratic centralism Decentralized economic planning Entryism Leninism Permanent revolution Political revolution Proletarian internationalism Social revolution Soviet democracy State capitalism Substitutionism Transitional ...

 

 

Big Thicket

Heavily forested area of Southeast Texas in the United States Big Thicket National PreserveShow map of TexasShow map of the United StatesLocationSoutheast Texas, U.S.Nearest cityKountze, TexasCoordinates30°32′51″N 94°20′24″W / 30.54750°N 94.34000°W / 30.54750; -94.34000Area113,122 acres (457.79 km2)[1]AuthorizedOctober 11, 1974 (1974-October-11)Visitors137,722 (in 2011)[2]Governing bodyNational Park Ser...

Battle of Worcester

1651 final battle of the English Civil War Battle of WorcesterPart of the Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)Battle of Worcester, print by James Caldwall c. 1760 – c. 1770[1]Date3 September 1651LocationWorcester, England52°11′19″N 2°13′15″W / 52.18861°N 2.22083°W / 52.18861; -2.22083Result Parliamentarian victoryBelligerents Parliamentarians RoyalistsKingdom of ScotlandCommanders and leaders Oliver Cromwell Charles Fleetwood John Lam...

 

 

Social fascism

Communist term for social democracy in early 1930s Part of a series onMarxism–Leninism Concepts Administrative-command system Anti-imperialism Anti-revisionism Central planning Soviet-type economic planning Collective farming Collective leadership Commanding heights of the economy Democratic centralism Dialectical logic Dialectical materialism Foco Intensification of the class struggleunder socialism Labor aristocracy Marxist–Leninist atheism One-party state Partiinost' People's democracy...