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Chinchilla is a family of large language models (LLMs) developed by the research team at Google DeepMind, presented in March 2022.^[1]

Models

It is named "chinchilla" because it is a further development over a previous model family named Gopher. Both model families were trained in order to investigate the scaling laws of large language models.^[2]

It claimed to outperform GPT-3. It considerably simplifies downstream utilization because it requires much less computer power for inference and fine-tuning. Based on the training of previously employed language models, it has been determined that if one doubles the model size, one must also have twice the number of training tokens. This hypothesis has been used to train Chinchilla by DeepMind. Similar to Gopher in terms of cost, Chinchilla has 70B parameters and four times as much data.^[3]

Chinchilla has an average accuracy of 67.5% on the Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) benchmark, which is 7% higher than Gopher's performance. Chinchilla was still in the testing phase as of January 12, 2023.^[4]

Chinchilla contributes to developing an effective training paradigm for large autoregressive language models with limited compute resources. The Chinchilla team recommends that the number of training tokens is twice for every model size doubling, meaning that using larger, higher-quality training datasets can lead to better results on downstream tasks.^[5]^[6]

It has been used for the Flamingo vision-language model.^[7]

Architecture

Both the Gopher family and Chinchilla family are families of transformer models.

In particular, they are essentially the same as GPT-2, with different sizes and minor modifications. Gopher family uses RMSNorm instead of LayerNorm; relative positional encoding rather than absolute positional encoding. The Chinchilla family is the same as the Gopher family, but trained with AdamW instead of Adam optimizer.

The Gopher family contains six models of increasing size, from 44 million parameters to 280 billion parameters. They refer to the largest one as "Gopher" by default. Similar naming conventions apply for the Chinchilla family.

Table 1 of ^[2] shows the entire Gopher family:

Model specifications for Gopher family
Parameter count	Layers	Number of heads	Key/value size	Internal dimension	Max learning rate	Batch size
44M	8	16	32	512	6 × 10⁻⁴	0.25M
117M	12	12	64	768	6 × 10⁻⁴	0.25M
417M	12	12	128	1,536	2 × 10⁻⁴	0.25M
1.4B	24	16	128	2,048	2 × 10⁻⁴	0.25M
7.1B	32	32	128	4,096	1.2 × 10⁻⁴	2M
Gopher 280B	80	128	128	16,384	4 × 10⁻⁵	3M → 6M

Table 4 of ^[1] compares the 70-billion-parameter Chinchilla with Gopher 280B.

Comparison between Chinchilla and Gopher
Parameter count	Layers	Number of heads	Key/value size	Internal dimension	Max learning rate	Batch size
Gopher 280B	80	128	128	16,384	4 × 10⁻⁵	3M → 6M
Chinchilla 70B	80	64	128	8,192	1 × 10⁻⁴	1.5M → 3M

References

^ ^a ^b Hoffmann, Jordan; Borgeaud, Sebastian; Mensch, Arthur; Buchatskaya, Elena; Cai, Trevor; Rutherford, Eliza; Casas, Diego de Las; Hendricks, Lisa Anne; Welbl, Johannes; Clark, Aidan; Hennigan, Tom; Noland, Eric; Millican, Katie; Driessche, George van den; Damoc, Bogdan (2022-03-29). "Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models". arXiv:2203.15556 [cs.CL].
^ ^a ^b Rae, Jack W.; Borgeaud, Sebastian; Cai, Trevor; Millican, Katie; Hoffmann, Jordan; Song, Francis; Aslanides, John; Henderson, Sarah; Ring, Roman; Young, Susannah; Rutherford, Eliza; Hennigan, Tom; Menick, Jacob; Cassirer, Albin; Powell, Richard (2022-01-21). "Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gopher". arXiv:2112.11446 [cs.CL].
^ Eliaçık, Eray (January 12, 2023). "Chinchilla AI is coming for the GPT-3's throne". Dataconomy. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023.
^ Hendrycks, Dan (2023-03-14), Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding, archived from the original on 2023-03-15, retrieved 2023-03-15
^ Chaithali, G. (April 9, 2022). "Check Out This DeepMind's New Language Model, Chinchilla (70B Parameters), Which Significantly Outperforms Gopher (280B) and GPT-3 (175B) on a Large Range of Downstream Evaluation Tasks". Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
^ Wali, Kartik (April 12, 2022). "DeepMind launches GPT-3 rival, Chinchilla". Analytics India Magazine. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
^ Alayrac, Jean-Baptiste; Donahue, Jeff; Luc, Pauline; Miech, Antoine; Barr, Iain; Hasson, Yana; Lenc, Karel; Mensch, Arthur; Millican, Katherine; Reynolds, Malcolm; Ring, Roman; Rutherford, Eliza; Cabi, Serkan; Han, Tengda; Gong, Zhitao (2022-12-06). "Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learning". Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 35: 23716–23736. arXiv:2204.14198.