Chatham Sound

Chatham Sound
French: Bassin de Chatham
Looking Northeasterly across Chatham Sound
Looking Northeasterly across Chatham Sound
Chatham Sound is located in British Columbia
Chatham Sound
Chatham Sound
LocationBritish Columbia, Canada, between Dundas Islands, Stephens Islands and Tsimpsean Peninsula
Coordinates54°22′30″N 130°35′30″W / 54.37500°N 130.59167°W / 54.37500; -130.59167[1]
Primary inflowsNass River, Skeena River
Primary outflowsDixon Entrance, Hecate Strait
Max. length70 kilometres (43 mi)[2]
Max. width15–25 kilometres (9.3–15.5 mi)[2]
Surface area1,600 square kilometres (600 sq mi)

Chatham Sound is a sound on the North Coast of British Columbia, Canada, bordering on Alaska, United States. It is located between the Dundas and Stephens Islands and the Tsimpsean Peninsula,[1] it is part of the Inside Passage and extends from Portland Inlet in the north to Porcher Island in the south.[3]

The sound can be divided into two parts, by a line drawn between Tugwell and Melville Islands.[4] The northern part, is influenced by the Nass River outflows and village of Lax Kw'alaams, and the southern part influenced by the Skeena River outflows and the city of Prince Rupert.

It may have been named in 1788 by British Captain Charles Duncan after John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham, who was First Lord of the Admiralty at that time.[1][3]

Geography

Chatham Sound is a semi-enclosed basin with an area of about 1,600 square kilometres (600 sq mi). It is connected to the open waters of the Hecate Strait and Dixon Entrance via several channels, such as Main, Brown, Hudson Bay, and Edye Passages. Along its southern end, the sound provides access to inland passages such as the Marcus and Arthur Passages, and the Grenville Channel beyond that.[5]

The two major rivers that drain into the sound are the Nass River (via the Portland Inlet) and Skeena River (via the Inverness and Marcus Passages). Because of the large inflow of fresh water the salinity of the sound is lower than the adjacent ocean.[5]

Hydrography

Most of Chatham Sound is less than 100 fathoms (600 ft; 180 m) deep, except in the northern part of the sound where depth exceeds 300 fathoms (1,800 ft; 550 m).[5] Chatham Sound is characterized by lower salinity near-surface waters on its eastern side, transitioning to higher salinity near-surface waters on the western side.[2]

Chatham Sound is an area of very large tides, with tidal ranges reaching peak values of 7.7 metres (25 ft) and an average tidal range of 4.9 metres (16 ft).[6] Currents are proportionately strong, and highly variable due to a combination of large tidal ranges, seasonally strong winds, and large peak freshwater discharges from the Skeena and Nass Rivers.[2]

Ecology

As a result of tidal mixing, Chatham Sound is an area of particularly high primary productivity and highly concentrated phytoplankton biomass.[7] The sound has the largest diversity of shrimp species in the Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area, with numbers dominated by humpback shrimp.[7] There are also major aggregations of Dungeness crab in the area.[7]

Once thought to be extinct, sponge reefs are now known to be a significant component of the sound floor. The largest cluster is now designated the Chatham Sound Reef Complex.[8]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chatham Sound.

See also

  • Chatham Strait - nearby strait in the Alaska Panhandle, named after the first Earl of Chatham

References

  1. ^ a b c "Chatham Sound". BC Geographical Names.
  2. ^ a b c d Lin Y, Fissel D, Mudge T, Borg K. (2 October 2018). "Baroclinic Effect on Modeling Deep Flow in Brown Passage, BC, Canada". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 6 (4): 117. doi:10.3390/jmse6040117.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b "Chatham Sound - inlet, British Columbia, Canada". www.britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  4. ^ "Chart 3989, 3991, Chatham Sound = Northern Part". Sailing Directions, British Columbia Coast, (Northern Portion). II (Ninth Edition): 196. 1983.
  5. ^ a b c Ronald Wilmot Trites (September 1952). "The Oceanography of Chatham Sound, British Columbia" (PDF). www.oceanecology.ca. University of British Columbia. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  6. ^ Lin, Yuehua; Fissel, David (2018-07-06). "The Ocean Circulation of Chatham Sound, British Columbia, Canada: Results From Numerical Modelling Studies Using Historical Datasets". Atmosphere-Ocean. 56 (3): 129–151. Bibcode:2018AtO....56..129L. doi:10.1080/07055900.2018.1473240. S2CID 133663475. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
  7. ^ a b c C.L. Clarke; G.S. Jamieson (2006). Identification of Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas in the Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area: Phase II – Final Report (PDF) (Report). Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Retrieved 2020-03-22.
  8. ^ Shaw, J; Conway, K W; Wu, Y; Kung, R (2018). Distribution of hexactinellid sponge reefs in the Chatham Sound region, British Columbia (Report). Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research (Online) 2018-1. doi:10.4095/306310.

Media related to Chatham Sound at Wikimedia Commons