Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

For other people named Karl Alexander, see Karl Alexander (disambiguation).
Charles Alexander
Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Reign8 July 1853 – 5 January 1901
PredecessorCharles Frederick
SuccessorWilliam Ernest
Born(1818-06-24)24 June 1818
Weimar
Died5 January 1901(1901-01-05) (aged 82)
Weimar
Burial
Weimarer Fürstengruft
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1842; died 1897)​
IssueCharles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Marie, Princess Heinrich VII Reuss
Princess Anna Sophia
Elisabeth, Duchess Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg
Names
Charles Alexander Augustus John
German: Karl Alexander August Johann Großherzog von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach
HouseSaxe-Weimar-Eisenach
FatherCharles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
MotherGrand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia
ReligionLutheranism

Charles Alexander (Karl Alexander August Johann; 24 June 1818 – 5 January 1901) was the ruler of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach as its grand duke from 1853 until his death.

Charles Alexander (1818–1901), Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Biography

Born in Weimar, Karl Alexander was the second but eldest surviving son of Karl Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia. His mother engaged as tutor for Karl the Swiss scholar Frédéric Soret who became a close acquaintance to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

When he was the Hereditary Grand Duke, Karl Alexander established a strong friendship with Fanny Lewald and Hans Christian Andersen, but this close relationship stopped in 1849 for the war against Denmark over the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein (the First Schleswig War). On 8 July 1853 his father died, and Karl Alexander became Grand Duke; however, he postponed his constitutional accession until Goethe's birthday, on 28 August 1853.

The Danish author and poet Hans Christian Andersen was reportedly infatuated with Karl Alexander, writing

"I quite love the young duke, he is the first of all princes that I really find attractive".[1][2]

Karl Alexander renovated Wartburg Castle and left his traces in many places in Eisenach. He was the protector of Richard Wagner and Franz Liszt, retained the tradition of Weimar's classical period, and gave the old part of Weimar a new and better appearance with the establishment of the Herder monument and the double monument for Goethe and Schiller. In 1860, he founded the Grand-Ducal Saxon Art School in Weimar (with Arnold Böcklin, Franz von Lenbach, and the plastic artist Reinhold Begas). As Grand Duke he was automatically rector, or president, of the University of Jena, where he supported especially the collections, among them prominently the Oriental Coin Cabinet.

In the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), Karl Alexander participated only in "Samaritan"; he stressed, however, for his entrance into the war in favor of Schleswig in 1849. The Weimar Congress of the Goethe Federation (opposing the Lex Heinze) occurred towards the end of his reign, in November 1900. That congress described his government as the Silver Age of Weimar.

In late December 1900, Karl Alexander reportedly fell ill with influenza.[3] His condition soon worsened, becoming complicated with inflammation of the lungs and a slowing heart rate before the end of the month.[4][5] He died at Weimar on 5 January 1901.[6][7] Following his death, he was succeeded as Grand Duke by his grandson Wilhelm Ernst, his only son Carl August having predeceased him.

Family and children

Sophie van Oranje-Nassau with Charles Alexander

At Kneuterdijk Palace in The Hague, on 8 October 1842, Karl Alexander married his first cousin, Princess Sophie of the Netherlands, daughter of William II and Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia, sister of his mother. They had four children:

  1. Karl August Wilhelm Nicolaus Alexander Michael Bernhard Heinrich Frederick Stefan, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (b. Weimar, 31 July 1844 – d. Cap Martin, France, 20 November 1894).
  2. Marie Anna Alexandrine Sophie Auguste Helene (b. Weimar, 20 January 1849 – d. Trebschen, 6 May 1922), known as Marie; married on 6 February 1876 to Prince Heinrich VII Reuss of Köstritz.
  3. Maria Anna Sophia Elisabeth Bernhardine Ida Auguste Helene (b. Weimar, 29 March 1851 – d. Weimar, 26 April 1859), known as Anna.
  4. Elisabeth Sibylle Maria Dorothea Anna Amalie Luise (b. Weimar, 28 February 1854 – d. Wiligrad, 10 July 1908), known as Elisabeth; married on 6 November 1886 to Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

Honours and awards

He received the following awards:[8][9]

German honours
Foreign honours

Ancestry

References

  1. ^ His dark materials Archived 2007-03-14 at the Wayback Machine, The Independent, 27 March 2005.
  2. ^ Booth, Michael (2005). Just As Well I'm Leaving: To the Orient With Hans Christian Andersen. London: Vintage. pp. Pos. 2226. ISBN 978-1-44648-579-8.
  3. ^ "Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar Ill". The New York Times. 25 December 1900. p. 4. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  4. ^ "Duke of Saxe-Weimar Ill". The Evening Star. 28 December 1900. p. 2. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  5. ^ "Duke of Saxe-Weimar Sinking". The Evening Star. 31 December 1900. p. 1. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  6. ^ "CHARLES ALEXANDER (GRAND DUKE OF SAXE-WEIMAR-EISENACH)". Städel Museum. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  7. ^ "RULER OF SAXE-WEIMAR DEAD". The New York Times. 6 January 1901. p. 7. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  8. ^ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1900), "Genealogie" pp. 1-2
  9. ^ Justus Perthes, Almanach de Gotha (1901) page 84
  10. ^ Staatshandbuch für das ... Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach[permanent dead link‍] (1851), "Großherzoglicher Hausorden" p. 7
  11. ^ Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1847), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 26
  12. ^ Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1870. Heinrich. 1870. p. 3.
  13. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt (1867) "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Bären" p. 17
  14. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1865), "Großherzogliche Orden" p. 54
  15. ^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1877. Landesamt. 1877. p. 8.
  16. ^ Braunschweigisches Adreßbuch für das Jahr 1896. p. 3
  17. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen (1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 10
  18. ^ Staat Hannover (1865). Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1865. Berenberg. pp. 38, 76.
  19. ^ Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau (1866), "Herzogliche Orden" p. 8
  20. ^ Staat Oldenburg (1873). Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für ... 1872/73. Schulze. p. 29.
  21. ^ a b "Königlich Preussische Ordensliste", Preussische Ordens-Liste (in German), 1, Berlin: 4, 934, 1886
  22. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1896), "Königliche Orden" p. 27
  23. ^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ H. Tarlier (1854). Almanach royal officiel, publié, exécution d'un arrête du roi (in French). Vol. 1. p. 37.
  25. ^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 469. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
  26. ^ M. & B. Wattel (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 523. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
  27. ^ Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1898). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 54.
  28. ^ 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 143.
  29. ^ "Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III", Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1887, p. 158, retrieved 21 March 2019
  30. ^ "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro", Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1887, p. 146, retrieved 21 March 2019
  31. ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1877, p. 369, retrieved 2018-01-06 – via runeberg.org
  32. ^ "Norges Statskalender" (in Swedish). 1890. pp. 595–596. Retrieved 2018-01-06 – via runeberg.org.
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German royalty
Preceded by Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
1853–1901 		Succeeded by