The legend regarding the set states that these chessmen were given as a gift to Charlemagne by CaliphHarun al-Rashid,[3] who was an avid chess player. The fact that the set displays elephants instead of bishops and chariots instead of rooks denotes a form of the Perso-Arabic game known as Shatranj, itself coming from the original Indian Chaturanga (which compound word means the 'Four Bodies' of the traditional army: infantry, cavalry, elephants and chariots). If this story were true, it would be evidence that chess was played in Europe centuries earlier than previously thought.[4] However, the ancient sources do not confirm the legend: in the book of anecdotes concerning the life of Charlemagne from the 880s by Notker the Stammerer, who describes the mission sent by Harun to Charlemagne in 802AD, the list of gifts sent by the Caliph includes a (real) elephant and various other items but no set of chessmen, while Einhard's Life of Charlemagne and the Royal Frankish Annals provide also an arrival of an elephant named Abul-Abbas, again without mention of the chess pieces.
The other legend, according to which the game was a gift from the Byzantine Empress Irene of Athens (d. 803), lacks also of support.
In fact, the pieces of the set were made at least two centuries later than this. Only the large elephant piece—the Elephant of Charlemagne—which was once treated as a part of the set, but is now recognized as a separate piece, of Indian origin (still interpreted as a Chaturanga or Shatranj piece), could have been given to Charlemagne together with the living elephant, since this single piece is dated to the 9th century.
History
Knight
The set is estimated to have been made between 1050 and 1100[3] in Salerno, Italy.[5] According to one historian, "The fact that these pieces are figurative representations of people and animals rather than abstract Islamic designs also suggest that they were made in Europe rather than imported from somewhere with the Caliphate."[4]
From the 13th to 18th centuries, the set was in the Treasury of Saint-Denis at Saint Denis Abbey near Paris.[5] In 1598, the set was inventoried and stated to be a set of 30 pieces.[6] In 1625, the set was first associated with Charlemagne in a report on the history of the abbey.
The chess pieces are all carved from blocks of ivory, which measure up to 15cm in height, while the kings weigh almost up to 1kg. There are also traces of red paint on some of the figures.
Knight and elephant (replacing bishops)
Like in the Shatranj, chariots replace rooks and elephants replace bishops. Elephant was called in Arabic al-fīl, giving Spanish alfil, Italian alfiere, French fil, fol and fou.
The "housing", which is elaborated with architectural details and emphasizes the king and queen, is peculiar. The carvings each show a semicircular pavilion with arcades on the back and a straight front in the shape of a ciborium. In the scene, servants pull up a curtain from both sides, which previously shielded the appearance of the king or queen and the room behind. It is the revelation of the monarch, the climax of the Byzantine court ceremony.
Only sixteen pieces of the original set survive. Missing from the set are 15 pawns and a rook, as a complete chess set has thirty-two pieces, including sixteen pawns. The surviving pieces are:
