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Chamaesipho; Temporal range: Oligocene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Thecostraca
Subclass:	Cirripedia
Order:	Balanomorpha
Family:	Chthamalidae
Subfamily:	Notochthamalinae
Genus:	Chamaesipho; Darwin, 1854470

Chamaesipho is a genus of four-plated notochthamaline barnacles in the Pacific Ocean limited to Australian/New Zealand temperate waters. They are intertidal in preference, and tend to form crowded columnar colonies. They can be identified in the field by having a four-plated wall, an unfused rostrum, and narrow opercular plates. Elminius, which also inhabits the same area, has four plates in its shell wall. However, in Elminius, the rostrum and rostrolatera are fused completely, and the compound rostrum receives the alae of the adjacent carinolaterals. In Chamaesipho, the unfused rostrum bears alae, and closely resembles the carina in appearance.

Definition and Discussion

The primary shell wall is four plated, reduced from six by fusion of rostrolatera and carinolaterals during ontogeny. No sutural interfolding is observed. With age, all plate sutures become concrescent. The basis is membraneous. Opercular plates are deeply articulated, but do not fuse together. The scutum bears a visible lateral depressor pit, and a scutal adductor ridge which ranges from nearly absent/indistinct to rounded prominent. The tergum is pitted internally. There is no trace of a tergal spur, and the tergal depressor area is wide, with prominent crests.^[2]^: 68^[3]^: 330

In soft part morphology, caudal appendages are absent. The mandible is tridentate, or quadridentate, and may have short teeth on a combed lower margin.^[3]^: 330

Full reference lists for Chamaesipho brunnea and C. columna to 1976 are to be found in Newman & Ross, 1976.^[4]43 See Poltarukha, 2006^[2] for 1976-2006 significant citations.

Included species (3)

Chamaesipho brunnea Moore, 1944
Chamaesipho columna (Spengler, 1790) (Type Species)
†Chamaesipho grebneffi Buckeridge, Lee & Robinson, 2014
Chamaesipho tasmanica Foster & Anderson, 1986

Identification Key to Species of Chamaesipho

1. Articular margin of scutum equal in length to basal margin ................................................................................ C. grebneffi
a. Articular margin of scutum markedly shorter than basal margin ........................................................................................ 2
2. Articular lobe of scutum large, rectangular; scutal adductor ridge absent or very vague; shell large, to >19 mm; shell and body colored brown .................................................................................................................................................... C. brunnea
a. Articular lobe of scutum smaller, rounded; scutal adductor ridge clear; shell smaller; shell white ......................................... 3
3. Scutal adductor ridge short, distinct; shell small, white, <10 mm diameter ......................................................... C. columna
a. Scutal adductor ridge longer, rounded, clear; shell gray, crowded colonies honeycomb-like ............................... C. tasmanica

(Modified from Poltarukha, 2006)^[2]^: 66

Geographic range and Habitat

As presently defined, Chamaesipho is found in the upper littoral to sublittoral zone of Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand.^[2]^: 66 Normally, exposed, higher littoral zones are preferred. No verifiable records of Chamaesipho are known outside of Australia and New Zealand. Darwin, 1854, described Chamaesipho scutelliformis, a living species from South China Sea, with considerable reservations as to generic assignment.^[1]472 Foster, in 1982, proposed the genus Chinochthamalus to receive this highly unusual form.^[5]^: 211 In his original description of Chamaesipho columna, Spengler^[6] appears to have used abnormally large shells listed as from Otaheite (Tahiti). In Foster and Anderson, 1986, these shells are considered to be likely Epopella, from New Zealand, and mislabeled.^[7]^: 60

The only previously known fossil record was a Miocene occurrence from New Zealand ascribed questionably to Chamaesipho brunnea.^[8]^: 80 No opercular plates were present in this material, thus exact species placement cannot be determined. Chamaesipho grebneffi from the late Oligocene of New Zealand was recently described by Buckeridge, et al., with opercular plates present. The four completely fused shell plates show that Chamaesipho was fully derived on generic level in Paleogene times.^[9]^: 6, 7

References

^ ^a ^b Darwin, Charles (1854). A monograph on the sub-class Cirripedia with figures of all species. The Balanidae, the Verrucidae, etc. London: Ray Society. pp. 1–684.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Poltarukha, O. P. (2006). Identification Atlas of Superfamily Chthamaloidea (Cirripedia Thoracica) barnacles in World Ocean. Moscow: KMK Scientific Press, Ltd. pp. 1–198 [In Russian]. ISBN 5-87317-278-1.
^ ^a ^b Foster, B. A.; W. A. Newman (1987). "Chthamalid barnacles of Easter Island; peripheral Pacific isolation of Notochthamalinae new subfamily and hembeli-group of Euraphiinae (Cirripedia: Chthamaloidea". Bulletin of Marine Science. 41 (2): 322–336.ingentaconnect
^ Newman, W. A.; A. Ross (1976). "Revision of the Balanomorph Barnacles including a catalog of the species". Memoirs of San Diego Society of Natural History. 9: 1–108.
^ Foster, B. A. (1982). "Shallow water Barnacles from Hong Kong". Proceedings of the First International Marine Biological Workshop: The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern Ocean: 207–232.
^ Spengler, L. (1790). "Beskrivelse og Oplysning over den hindindtil lidet udarbeidede Sloegt af mangeskallede Konchylier som Linnaeus har kaldet Lepas med tilfoiede nye og ubeskrevne Arter" [Description and information on the hitherto little-elaborated genus of multi-shelled conch shells that Linnaeus has called Lepas with added new and undescribed species]. Skrivter Af Naturhistorie-Selskabet. 1 (1): 158–212.
^ Foster, B. A.; Anderson, D. T. (1986). "New names for two well-known shore barnacles (Cirripedia, Thoracica) from Australia and New Zealand". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 16 (1): 57–69. Bibcode:1986JRSNZ..16...57F. doi:10.1080/03036758.1986.10426956.
^ Buckeridge, J. S. (1983b). "Fossil barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica) of New Zealand and Australia". New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin. 50.
^ Buckeridge, J. S.; D. E. Lee; J. H. Robinson (2014-02-19). "A diverse shallow-water barnacle assemblage (Cirripedia: Sessilia) from the Oligocene of Southland, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 57 (2): 253–263. Bibcode:2014NZJGG..57..253B. doi:10.1080/00288306.2013.873472.