Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis

"Polar Shift" redirects here. For the book, see Polar Shift (novel). For the music compilation, see Polar Shift (album).
This article is about the hypothesis of pole shift in its historical context. For a description of the modern scientific understanding, see True polar wander. For magnetic poles, see Geomagnetic reversal. For the periodic motions of Earth's axis, see Axial precession.

The cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis is a pseudo-scientific claim that there have been recent, geologically rapid shifts in the axis of rotation of Earth, causing calamities such as floods and tectonic events[1] or relatively rapid climate changes.

There is evidence of precession and changes in axial tilt, but this change is on much longer time-scales and does not involve relative motion of the spin axis with respect to the planet. However, in what is known as true polar wander, the Earth rotates with respect to a fixed spin axis. Research shows that during the last 200 million years a total true polar wander of some 30° has occurred, but that no rapid shifts in Earth's geographic axial pole were found during this period.[2] A characteristic rate of true polar wander is 1° or less per million years.[3] Between approximately 790 and 810 million years ago, when the supercontinent Rodinia existed, two geologically rapid phases of true polar wander may have occurred. In each of these, the magnetic poles of Earth shifted by approximately 55° due to a large shift in the crust.[4]

Definition and clarification

The geographic poles are defined by the points on the surface of Earth that are intersected by the axis of rotation. The pole shift hypothesis describes a change in location of these poles with respect to the underlying surface – a phenomenon distinct from the changes in axial orientation with respect to the plane of the ecliptic that are caused by precession and nutation, and is an amplified event of a true polar wander. Geologically, a surface shift separate from a planetary shift, enabled by earth's molten core.

Pole shift hypotheses are not connected with plate tectonics, the well-accepted geological theory that Earth's surface consists of solid plates which shift over a viscous, or semifluid asthenosphere; nor with continental drift, the corollary to plate tectonics which maintains that locations of the continents have moved slowly over the surface of Earth,[5] resulting in the gradual emerging and breakup of continents and oceans over hundreds of millions of years.[6]

Pole shift hypotheses are not the same as geomagnetic reversal, the occasional reversal of Earth's magnetic field (effectively switching the north and south magnetic poles).

Speculative history

In popular literature, many conjectures have been suggested involving very rapid polar shift. A slow shift in the poles would display the most minor alterations and no destruction. A more dramatic view assumes more rapid changes, with dramatic alterations of geography and localized areas of destruction due to earthquakes and tsunamis.

Early proponents

An early mention of a shifting of Earth's axis can be found in an 1872 article entitled "Chronologie historique des Mexicains"[7] by Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, a specialist in Mesoamerican codices who interpreted ancient Mexican myths as evidence for four periods of global cataclysms that had begun around 10,500 BCE. In the 1930s and 40s, American Edgar Cayce's prophecies predicted cataclysms he called "Earth changes"; Ruth Montgomery would later cite Cayce's prophecies to support her polar shift theories.

In 1948, Hugh Auchincloss Brown, an electrical engineer, advanced a hypothesis of catastrophic pole shift. Brown also argued that accumulation of ice at the poles caused recurring tipping of the axis, identifying cycles of approximately seven millennia.[8][9]

In his pseudo-scientific 1950 work Worlds in Collision, Immanuel Velikovsky postulated that the planet Venus emerged from Jupiter as a comet. During two proposed near-approaches in about 1450 BCE, he suggested that the direction of Earth's rotation was changed radically, then reverted to its original direction on the next pass. This disruption supposedly caused earthquakes, tsunamis, and the parting of the Red Sea. Further, he said near misses by Mars between 776 and 687 BCE also caused Earth's axis to change back and forth by ten degrees. Velikovsky cited historical records in support of his work, although his studies were generally ridiculed by the scientific community.[10]

Recent conjectures

Several authors have offered pseudoscientific arguments for the hypothesis, including journalist and New Age enthusiast Ruth Shick Montgomery.[11][when?] Skeptics counter that these works combine speculation, the work of psychics, and modern folklore, while largely avoiding any effort at basic science by trying to disprove their own hypothesis.[12][13][14]

Earth crustal displacement hypothesis

Charles Hapgood is now perhaps the best remembered early proponent of the hypothesis that some climate changes and ice ages could be explained by large sudden shifts of the geographic poles. In his books The Earth's Shifting Crust (1958) (which includes a foreword by Albert Einstein)[15][16] and Path of the Pole (1970), Hapgood speculated that accumulated polar ice mass destabilizes Earth's rotation, causing crustal displacement but not disturbing Earth's axial orientation. Hapgood argued that shifts (of no more than 40 degrees) occurred about every 5,000 years, interrupting 20,000- to 30,000-year periods of polar stability. He cited recent North Pole locations in Hudson Bay (60°N, 73°W), the Atlantic Ocean between Iceland and Norway (72°N, 10°E) and the Yukon (63°N, 135°W).[17] However, in his subsequent work The Path of the Pole, Hapgood conceded Einstein's point that the weight of the polar ice is insufficient to cause polar shift. Instead, Hapgood argued that causative forces must be located below the surface.[18] Hapgood encouraged Canadian librarian Rand Flem-Ath to pursue scientific evidence backing Hapgood's claims. Flem-Ath published the results of this work in 1995 in When the Sky Fell co-written with his wife Rose.[19]

The idea of earth crust displacement is featured in 2012, a 2009 film based on the 2012 phenomenon.

Scientific research

Main article: True polar wander

While there are reputable studies showing that true polar wander has occurred at various times in the past, the rates are much smaller (1° per million years or slower) than predicted by the pole shift hypothesis (up to 1° per thousand years).[2][3][20] Analysis of the evidence does not lend credence to Hapgood's hypothesized rapid displacement of layers of Earth.[21]

Data indicates that the geographical poles have not deviated by more than about 5° over the last 130 million years, contradicting the hypothesis of a cataclysmic polar wander event.[22]

More rapid past possible occurrences of true polar wander have been measured: from 790 to 810 million years ago, true polar wander of approximately 55° may have occurred twice.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ Kiger, Patrick J. Ends of the Earth: Shifting of the Poles. Archived from the original on 2009-12-09. Retrieved 2009-11-22. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b Besse, Jean; Courtillot, Vincent (November 2002). "Apparent and true polar wander and the geometry of the geomagnetic field over the last 200 Myr" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 107 (B11): EPM 6–1. Bibcode:2002JGRB..107.2300B. doi:10.1029/2000JB000050.
  3. ^ a b Andrews, J. A. (August 10, 1985). "True polar wander - An analysis of cenozoic and mesozoic paleomagnetic poles". Journal of Geophysical Research. 90 (B9): 7737–7750. Bibcode:1985JGR....90.7737A. doi:10.1029/JB090iB09p07737.
  4. ^ a b Maloof, Adam C.; et al. (2006). "Combined paleomagnetic, isotopic, and stratigraphic evidence for true polar wander from the Neoproterozoic Akademikerbreen Group, Svalbard, Norway". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 118 (9): 1099–1124. Bibcode:2006GSAB..118.1099M. doi:10.1130/B25892.1.
  5. ^ Scotese, C. R. "The PaleoMap Project". Retrieved 2010-05-04.
  6. ^ Cottrell, R. D.; Tarduno, J. A. (June 30, 2000). "Late Cretaceous True Polar Wander: Not So Fast". Science. 288 (5475): 2283. doi:10.1126/science.288.5475.2283a. PMID 17769831.
  7. ^ "Chronologie historique des Mexicains", L'Ethnographie (in French), 7, Paris, France: Société d'Ethnographie: 77–85, 1871, retrieved 2009-11-08
  8. ^ Brown, Hugh Auchincloss (1967). Cataclysms of the Earth. Twayne Publishers.
  9. ^ "Science: Can the Earth Capsize?". Time. September 13, 1948. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
  10. ^ Alexander, Robert E. (2005). "The Velikovsky Affair: Case History of Iatrogenic Behavior in Physical Science". In Robert F. Morgan (ed.). The Iatrogenics handbook: a critical look at research and practice in the helping professions. Morgan Foundation Publishers. pp. 21–24. ISBN 1-885679-11-4.
  11. ^ Threshold to Tomorrow, (1984) ISBN 978-0-449-20182-4 ISBN 0449201821; Strangers Among Us, (1979); Aliens Among Us, (1985) and The World to Come: The Guides' Long-Awaited Predictions for the Dawning Age, (1999).
  12. ^ "Magnetic Myths". Skeptic. 13 February 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  13. ^ "Earth's magnetic field is not about to reverse and trigger global catastrophe". Independent. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  14. ^ Smit, Josephine (May 9, 2012). "Will a Magnetic Pole Shift Mean the End of the World?". Yale Scientific. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  15. ^ Charles H. Hapgood (1958). Earth's Shifting Crust: A Key to Some Basic Problems of Earth Science, introduction by Einstein. Pantheon Books. ISBN 9780598592422. OCLC 150491536. Alt URL
  16. ^ Martinez-Frias, Jesus; Hochberg, David; Rull, Fernando (December 13, 2005). "Contributions of Albert Einstein to Earth Sciences: A review in Commemoration of the World Year of Physics". Naturwissenschaften. 93 (2): 66–71. arXiv:physics/0512114. Bibcode:2006NW.....93...66M. doi:10.1007/s00114-005-0076-8. PMID 16453104. S2CID 23733012.
  17. ^ Olsen, Brad. 'Modern Esoteric: Beyond Our Senses', San Francisco, CCC Publishing, 2014). ISBN 1888729503.
  18. ^ Palmer, Trevor (2003). Perilous planet earth: catastrophes and catastrophism through the ages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 113–114. ISBN 0-521-81928-8.
  19. ^ Flem-Ath, Rand, Flem-Ath, Rose. When The Sky Fell: In Search of Atlantis (introduction by Colin Wilson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1995). ISBN 0-297-81628-4
  20. ^ Hoffman, P. (1999). "The break-up of Rodinia, birth of Gondwana, true polar wander and the snowball Earth". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 28 (1): 17–33. Bibcode:1999JAfES..28...17H. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(99)00018-4.
  21. ^ Brass, Michael (July–August 2002). "Tracing Graham Hancock's Shifting Cataclysm". Skeptical Inquirer. 26 (4). Archived from the original on 2010-04-26. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  22. ^ Tarduno, John A.; Smirnova, Alexei V. (January 15, 2001). "Stability of the Earth with respect to the spin axis for the last 130 million years". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 184 (2): 549–553. Bibcode:2001E&PSL.184..549T. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00348-4.