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The Cassini Map or Academy's Map is the first topographic and geometric map made of the Kingdom of France as a whole. It was compiled by the Cassini family, mainly César-François Cassini (Cassini III) and his son Jean-Dominique Cassini (Cassini IV) in the 1700s.

It was on a scale of one line to 100 toises, i.e. 1/86,400.

The map was, for the time, a real innovation and a decisive technical advance. It is the first map to be based on a geodesic triangulation. Four generations of the Cassini carried out the work, taking more than 6 decades to complete. The map does not precisely locate dwellings or the boundaries of swamps and forests, but the level of precision of the road network represented is such that by superimposing satellite photos onto map sheets of France, spectacular results are obtained.

The work of the Cassinis even left its mark on the land where today you can still find toponyms such as "Signal of Cassini." Such landmarks correspond to the corners of the triangles that formed the backbone of Cassini's map.

Nowadays, researchers frequently consult the Cassini map sheets, in its paper form in the reading room of the maps and plans department of the Bibliothèque nationale de France, or its digital form online.^[1] ^[2] It is of particular interest to archaeologists, architects, historians, geographers, genealogists, treasure hunters and ecologists who need to retrospect ecology or understand the history of landscape.

Beginnings

The genesis of the Cassini Map came during the reign of Louis XIV, with the creation of the Academy of Sciences alongside the ambitions of Jean-Baptiste Colbert for France's navy, the defence of her coasts and fixing the imprecision of the country's maps. At the time, distances between settlements to be portrayed on maps were often estimated by the time of the journey between them or by measuring the length of the road.^[3] Sometimes, triangulation was used - though often relying on the magnetic pin of a compass without concern for one's latitude.^[4] This would result in confounded errors when compiling these maps into one.^[4]

Cassini, alongside other scientists like Picard, Roëmer and Richer, investigated movement of the planets relative to Earth. Cassini noted such methods were riddled with instrumental errors and were susceptible to parallax.^[5] Picard and La Hire write in 1672 that King Louis XIV instructed the Academy of Sciences to, "create a map of all of France with the greatest precision possible.",^[6] Cassini writes that in September 1672, M. Vivier had, "come by order of the King" and was, "employed by order of the King to work on the Map of the Kingdom under the direction of the Academy of Sciences."^[6]

Gallery

References

^ "Des villages Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui". cassini.ehess.fr. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
^ "Géoportail, the French government mapping website (select "Carte de Cassini" in the top left menu)". geoportail.gouv.fr/carte. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
^ Cassini de Thury (1745). "Sur la description Géométrique de la France". Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences (Avec les Mémoires de Mathématique & de Physique, pour la même Année) (in French). p. 554. Il n'est point douteux que toutes les erreurs que l'on remarque dans les Cartes, tant anciennes que modernes, ne viennent de ce que ceux qui les ont dressées, ont pris chacun des routes différentes; les uns se sont contentez d'estimer les distances par le temps que l'on emploie à aller d'un lieu à l'autre; les autres ont mesuré actuellement la longueur des chemins: ceux enfin qui ont opéré avec plus d'exactitude, ont formé quelques triangles dont ils ont observé les angles avec des planchettes ou d'autres instrumens [sic] encore plus imparfaits...
^ ^a ^b Cassini de Thury (1745). "Sur la description Géométrique de la France". Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences (Avec les Mémoires de Mathématique & de Physique, pour la même Année) (in French). p. 555. la plûpart (sic) ont fait usage de l'aiguille aimantée, sans avoir égard à sa vraie déclinaison à l'égard du meridien qui, comme l'on sçait (sic), n'est pas la même dans tous les temps & dans tous les lieux, & est sujette à des grandes irrégularités, de pareillés erreurs venant à se multiplier dans l'assemblage que l'on fait des opérations pour former une Carte génerale...
^ Cassini (1729). "Observations Astronomiques Faites en Divers Endroits du Royaume (pendant l'année 1672.)". Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences (Depuis 1666. jusqu'à 1699.) (in French). Vol. Partie I (Tome VII ed.). pp. 349–351.
^ ^a ^b Picard (1729). "Observations Faites À Brest et À Nantes (pendant l'année 1679)". Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences (Depuis 1666. jusqu'à 1699.) (in French). Vol. Partie I (Tome VII ed.). pp. 376–380.