Carrier's Case

Carrier's Case
Carrier's Case
Court	Star Chamber
Full case name	Anonymous v. The Sheriff of London
Decided	1473
Citations	YB. Pasch. 13 Edw. IV, f. 9., pl. 5 (1473). 64 Selden Soc. (1945)
Case history
Subsequent action	none
Court membership
Judges sitting	Lord Chokke and others
Keywords
	Breaking bulk; larceny by unlawful conversion; duties of bailees; royal safe conduct;

Carrier's Case (Anonymous v. The Sheriff of London, The Case of Carrier Who Broke Bulk) (1473) was a landmark English court case in the history of the definition of larceny.^[1]^[2]^: 946 Until this ruling, when an owner voluntarily handed over physical possession of property to the custody of another, and it was then converted (in title: made that of another), there was no felonious larceny as larceny required trespass of the owner's or bailee's place or person (violence or the threat of violence).^[1]

The English courts henceforth adopted the "breaking bulk" doctrine. If someone transporting a bulk or bale (bundle) of merchandise (the carrier) on behalf of someone else, and breaks it open without permission, express or implied, (thus converts them to the carrier's own use), it is the crime of larceny.^[3]^[2]^: 946 The case was significant because in common law at that time, larceny required a trespass by force and arms (vi et armis) or against the peace, which did not occur if the person was willingly handed the bulk or bales of items.^[2]^: 946 The breaking of the bulk was found to be the required force needed in the element of trespass.^[2]^: 946 In the underlying case, one justice (Chokke [J.C.P]) stated that if the carrier sold the entire bale unbroken, then kept the proceeds for his own use, the act would not have the (at the time) element of (violent) trespass, so would not be larceny, but the breaking of the bulk satisfied the trespass element.^[2]^: 946

Facts

A carrier was hired by a Flemish merchant to transport bales of woad (a type of dye)^[2]^: 946 to the port in Southampton. He opened the bales and took the goods for himself.^[4] Some of it came into possession of the Sheriff of London. The sheriff gave it to the King (forfeited as "waif", a word to signify runaways or stolen goods). The merchant sued the sheriff to return the goods; he argued that the goods were not stolen, that the carrier only had temporary property rights and so the goods could not be given to the King. The Sheriff argued that the goods were stolen, that it was a felony and therefore properly forfeited to the King as waif.

The legal relationship between the carrier and the merchant, as now, would have been seen as one of bailee and bailor, such that bailees have a duty of reasonable care for others' property they possess. The merchant had royal safe conduct covering his goods. This meant that if the goods were stolen, they would not be given to the Crown by the use of a waif. This happened in medieval times when a good was stolen. When the stolen goods were found, they became property of the King.

Judgment

The judges all agreed that the actions of the carrier constituted larceny, but they could not agree on a rationale. The prevailing reason was provided by Lord Chokke who concluded that the carrier had lawful possession of the bales only. The merchant retained constructive possession of the contents. Therefore, when the carrier broke open the bales and removed the contents, he committed the crime of larceny because he had taken the contents from the possession of the merchant. The merchant had a royal safe conduct covering his goods. The merchant argued that this protection meant that even if his goods were stolen, as the court had determined, they would not be forfeited to the King as waif. The court agreed with the merchant on this second point and the Sheriff was required to return the goods to the merchant.^[5]

The carrier had temporary possession of the goods with permission of the merchant so had no right to 'break bulk', i.e., he broke up the bales and began to sell them. The fact that he broke bulk shows the intention to commit larceny. He was therefore guilty; the goods would ordinarily forfeit to the king absolutely (in that era). However, due to the royal safe conduct that the merchant had, he was entitled to his goods back.

References

^ ^a ^b Rethinking Criminal Law, 68, (1978), Fletcher
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Criminal Law - Cases and Materials, 7th ed. 2012, Wolters Kluwer Law & Business; John Kaplan, Robert Weisberg, Guyora Binder, ISBN 978-1-4548-0698-1, [1]
^ "Possession and Custody in the Law of Larceny". Yale Law Journal. 30 (6): 613–617. April 1921. doi:10.2307/789232. JSTOR 789232.
^ Beirne, Piers, James W. Messerschmidt (2000). Criminology. Westview Press. ISBN 0-15-501926-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ As Fletcher notes in his book, Rethinking Criminal Law, the courts could have obtained the same result by following established precedent. There was no apparent need to create the legal fiction of breaking bulk or to consider the consequent issue of whether "safe conduct" protected the merchant whose property had been stolen from seizure as waif.