Carlavirus, formerly known as the "Carnation latent virus group", is a genus of viruses in the order Tymovirales, in the family Betaflexiviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 53 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: mosaic and ringspot symptoms.[1][2]
Description
Carlavirus is described in the 9th report of the ICTV (2009).[3] The genus is characterised by having six ORFs (open reading frames) including a TGB (Triple Gene Block). The viruses are transmitted by insects.
Taxonomy
The genus was first proposed in the first report of the ICTV in 1971, as the 'Carnation latent virus group' but was renamed in 1975 as the 'Carlavirus group', and as the genus Carlavirus in 1995 (6th report). In 2005 (8th report) it was placed in the Flexiviridae family, having previously been unassigned.[4][5] The current position in the 9th report (2009) as a genus of the family Betaflexiviridae derives from the subsequent subdivision of Flexiviridae.[5]
The following species are assigned to the genus:[2]
The virions are non enveloped, filamentous, 610–700 nanometers (nm) and 12–15 nm in diameter.
The linear 5.8–9 kilobase genome is positive sense, single-stranded RNA. The 3’ terminus is polyadenylated. In some species the 5’ end is capped. The genome encodes 3 to 6 proteins including a coat protein located at the 3' end and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase located at the 5' end of the genome.
Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic, and is lysogenic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by tripartite non-tubule guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host.[1]
Genus
Host details
Tissue tropism
Entry details
Release details
Replication site
Assembly site
Transmission
Carlavirus
Plants
None
Viral movement; mechanical inoculation
Viral movement
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Mechanical: insects
Transmission
Infection is at times spread by aphids in a semi-persistent mode, that is, the vector is infective for a number of hours.(Pimentel) Some species are transmitted by Bemisia tabaci in a semi-persistent mode or through the seed.[6] Most species infect only a few hosts and cause infections with few or no symptoms, for example, American hop latent virus and lily symptomless virus. Some, such as blueberry scorch virus and poplar mosaic virus, cause serious illnesses. (Foster)
Martelli, Giovanni P.; Saldarelli, Pasquale (2012). "Carlavirus". In Tidona, Christian; Gholamreza, Darai (eds.). The Springer index of viruses (2 ed.). New York, NY: Springer. pp. 521–532. ISBN978-0387959191. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
King, Andrew M. Q.; et al., eds. (2012). "Carlavirus". Virus taxonomy : classification and nomenclature of viruses : ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. London: Academic Press. p. 924. ISBN978-0123846846. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
