Before the Roman invasion, Caratacus is associated with the expansion of his tribe's territory. His apparent success led to Roman invasion, nominally in support of his defeated enemies. He resisted the Romans for almost a decade, using guerrilla warfare, but when he offered a set-piece battle he was defeated by Roman forces. After defeat he fled to the territory of Queen Cartimandua, who captured him and handed him over to the Romans. He was sentenced to death but made a speech before his execution that persuaded the Emperor Claudius to spare him. Caratacus' speech to Claudius has been a popular subject in visual art.
Name
Caratacus' name appears as both Caratacus and Caractacus in manuscripts of Tacitus, and as Καράτακος and Καρτάκης in manuscripts of Dio. Older reference works tend to favour the spelling "Caractacus", but modern scholars agree, based on historical linguistics and source criticism, that the original Common Brittonic form was *Karatākos, pronounced [karaˈtaːkos], cognate with WelshCaradog, BretonKaradeg, and IrishCarthach, meaning "loving, beloved, dear; friend".[1]
History
Claudian invasion
Caratacus is named by Dio Cassius as a son of the Catuvellaunian king Cunobelinus.[2] Based on coin distribution Caratacus appears to have been the protégé of his uncle Epaticcus, who expanded Catuvellaunian power westwards most likely from his palace in Verulam, the heartland of the Catuvellauni, into the territory of the Atrebates.[3] After Epaticcus died in about AD 35, the Atrebates, under Verica, regained some of their territory, but it appears Caratacus completed the conquest, since Dio tells us Verica was ousted, fled to Rome and appealed to the emperorClaudius for help. This was the excuse used by Claudius to launch his invasion of Britain in the summer of 43. The invasion targeted Caratacus' stronghold of Camulodunon (modern Colchester), previously the seat of his father Cunobelinus.[4][5] Cunobelinus had died some time before the invasion. Caratacus and his brother Togodumnus led the initial defence of the country against Aulus Plautius's four legions, thought to have been around 40,000 men, primarily using guerrilla tactics.[6] They lost much of the south-east after being defeated in two crucial battles, the Battle of the River Medway and River Thames. Togodumnus was killed (although both Miles Russell and John Hind argue that Dio was mistaken in reporting Togodumnus' death, that he was defeated but survived and was later appointed by the Romans as a friendly king over a number of territories, becoming the loyal king referred to by Tacitus as Cogidubnus or Togidubnus)[7][8] and the Catuvellauni's territories were conquered. Their stronghold of Camulodunon was converted into the first Roman colonia in Britain, Colonia Victricensis.[4][9][10]
We next hear of Caratacus in Tacitus's Annals, leading the Silures and Ordovices of Wales against Plautius' successor as governor, Publius Ostorius Scapula.[11] Finally, in 50, Scapula managed to defeat Caratacus in a set-piece battle somewhere in Ordovician territory, capturing Caratacus' wife and daughter and receiving the surrender of his brothers. Caratacus himself escape and fled north to the lands of the Brigantes (modern Yorkshire), where the Brigantian queen, Cartimandua, handed him over to the Romans in chains. This was one of the factors that led to two Brigantian revolts against Cartimandua and her Roman allies, once later in the 50s and once in 69, led by Venutius, who had once been Cartimandua's husband. With the capture of Caratacus, much of southern Britain from the Humber to the Severn was pacified and garrisoned throughout the 50s.[12]
[Caratacus] resorted to the ultimate hazard, adopting a place for battle so that entry, exit, everything would be unfavourable to us and for the better to his own men, with steep mountains all around, and, wherever a gentle access was possible, he strewed rocks in front in the manner of a rampart. And in front too there flowed a stream with an unsure ford, and companies of armed men had taken up position along the defences.[15]
Although the Severn is visible from British Camp, it is nowhere near it, so this battle must have taken place elsewhere. A number of locations have been suggested, including a site near Brampton Bryan. Bari Jones, in Archaeology Today in 1998, identified Blodwel Rocks at Llanymynech in Powys as representing a close fit with Tacitus' account.[full citation needed]
Captive in Rome
After his capture, Caratacus was sent to Rome as a war prize, presumably to be killed after a triumphal parade. Although a captive, he was allowed to address the Roman Senate. Tacitus records a version of his speech in which he says that his stubborn resistance made Rome's glory in defeating him all the greater:
If the degree of my nobility and fortune had been matched by moderation in success, I would have come to this City as a friend rather than a captive, nor would you have disdained to receive with a treaty of peace one sprung from brilliant ancestors and commanding a great many nations. But my present lot, disfiguring as it is for me, is magnificent for you. I had horses, men, arms, and wealth: what wonder if I was unwilling to lose them? If you wish to command everyone, does it really follow that everyone should accept your slavery? If I were now being handed over as one who had surrendered immediately, neither my fortune nor your glory would have achieved brilliance. It is also true that in my case any reprisal will be followed by oblivion. On the other hand, if you preserve me safe and sound, I shall be an eternal example of your clemency.[16]
He made such an impression that he was pardoned and allowed to live in peace in Rome. After his liberation, according to Dio Cassius, Caratacus was so impressed by the city of Rome that he said "And can you, then, who have got such possessions and so many of them, still covet our poor huts?"[17]
Legend
Medieval Welsh traditions
Caratacus' memory may have been preserved in medieval Welsh tradition. A genealogy in the Welsh Harley MS 3859 (c. 1100) includes the generations "Caratauc map Cinbelin map Teuhant", corresponding, via established processes of language change, to "Caratacus, son of Cunobelinus, son of Tasciovanus", preserving the names of the three historical figures in correct relationship.[18]
Caratacus does not appear in Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain (1136), although he appears to correspond to Arviragus, the younger son of Kymbelinus, who continues to resist the Roman invasion after the death of his older brother Guiderius.[19] In Welsh versions his name is Gweirydd, son of Cynfelyn, and his brother is called Gwydyr;[20] the name Arviragus is taken from a poem by Juvenal.[21]
Caradog, son of Bran, who appears in medieval Welsh literature, has also been identified with Caratacus, although nothing in the medieval legend corresponds except his name. He appears in the Mabinogion as a son of Bran the Blessed, who is left in charge of Britain while his father makes war in Ireland, but is overthrown by Caswallawn (the historical Cassivellaunus, who lived a century earlier than Caratacus).[22] The Welsh Triads agree that he was Bran's son, and name two sons, Cawrdaf and Eudaf.[23]
Two hills in Shropshire bear the name Caer Caradoc (Welsh – Caer Caradog), meaning fort of Caradoc, and have popular associations with him. One is an Iron Age hill fort and Scheduled Monument near the town of Clun. It overlooks the village of Chapel Lawn. The other Caer Caradoc is a prominent hill and Iron Age hill fort near Church Stretton, 16 miles (26 km) to the north-east.
Modern traditions
Caradog began to be identified with Caratacus only after the rediscovery of the works of Tacitus and new material appeared based on this identification. An 18th-century tradition, popularised by the Welsh antiquarian and forger Iolo Morganwg, credits Caradog, on his return from imprisonment in Rome, with the introduction of Christianity to Britain. Iolo also makes the legendary king Coel Hen a son of Caradog's son Saint Cyllin.[24]Richard Williams Morgan claimed that a reference to Cyllin as a son of Caratacus was found in the family records of Iestyn ab Gwrgant and used this as evidence of the early entry of Christianity to Britain: "Cyllin ab Caradog, a wise and just king. In his days many of the Cymry embraced the faith in Christ through the teaching of the saints of Cor-Eurgain, and many godly men from the countries of Greece and Rome were in Cambria. He first of the Cymry gave infants names; for before, names were not given except to adults, and then from something characteristic in their bodies, minds, or manners."[25]
Another tradition, which has remained popular among British Israelites and others, makes Caratacus already a Christian before he came to Rome, Christianity having been brought to Britain by either Joseph of Arimathea or St Paul, and identifies a number of early Christians as his relatives.[26]
One is Pomponia Graecina, wife of Aulus Plautius, the conqueror of Britain, who as Tacitus relates, was accused of following a "foreign superstition", which the tradition considers to be Christianity.[27] Tacitus describes her as the "wife of the Plautius who returned from Britain with an ovation", which led John Lingard (1771–1851) to conclude, in his History and Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church, that she was British;[28] however, this conclusion is a misinterpretation of what Tacitus wrote. An ovation was a military parade in honour of a victorious general, so the person who "returned from Britain with an ovation" is clearly Plautius, not Pomponia. This has not prevented the error being repeated and disseminated widely.
Another is Claudia Rufina, a historical British woman known to the poet Martial.[29] Martial describes Claudia's marriage to a man named Pudens,[30] almost certainly Aulus Pudens, an Umbriancenturion and friend of the poet who appears regularly in his Epigrams. It has been argued since the 17th century[31] that this pair may be the same as the Claudia and Pudens mentioned as members of the Roman Christian community in 2 Timothy in the New Testament.[32] Some go further, claiming that Claudia was Caratacus' daughter, and that the historical Pope Linus, who is described as the "brother of Claudia" in an early church document, was Caratacus' son. Pudens is identified with St. Pudens, and it is claimed that the basilica of Santa Pudenziana in Rome, and with which St. Pudens is associated, was once called the Palatium Britannicum and was the home of Caratacus and his family.
This theory was popularised in a 1961 book called The Drama of the Lost Disciples by George Jowett, but Jowett did not originate it. He cites renaissance historians such as Archbishop James Ussher, Caesar Baronius and John Hardyng, as well as classical writers like Caesar, Tacitus and Juvenal, although his classical citations at least are wildly inaccurate, many of his assertions are unsourced, and many of his identifications entirely speculative. He also regularly cites St. Paul in Britain, an 1860 book by R. W. Morgan, and advocates other tenets of British Israelism, in particular that the British are descended from the lost tribes of Israel.[33]
Caratach is anachronistically depicted as Boudica's general in John Fletcher's play Bonduca (1613). The historical Caratach was exiled from Britain nearly a decade prior to Boudica's war.
Caratacus is the subject of William Mason's 1759 poem of the same name and the 1776 play based on it.
Caratacus is the title character of the Italian opera Carattaco by Johann Christian Bach, first performed in London in 1767
"Caractacus" is the title of a cantata by Edward Elgar in 1897–98 devoted to the defeat and capture of the king by the Romans. It was first performed at the Leeds choral festival in 1898.
Caractacus is the subject of a Victorian poem called Caractacus the Briton by William Stewart Ross, published 1881 in a collection titled Lays of Romance and Chivalry, and distinguished by the refrain, "Caractacus the Briton, the bravest of the brave!"
The defeat of Caradoc (Caratacus) by the Romans is the subject of Henry Treece's 1952 adult novel, The Dark Island, the second book in his Celtic Tetralogy. As well, a poem titled Caratacus appears in Treece's Exiles, a collection of poetry published in the same year.
Caratacus' capture and life as a captive in Rome is told from the point of view of his fictional daughter, Eigon, in Barbara Erskine's time-slip novel, The Warrior's Princess, pub. 2008.
Caratacus is a major character in Douglas Jackson's 2008 novel Claudius, the sequel to Caligula (2008).
Caradoc is a major character in author Pauline Gedge's 1978 novel, The Eagle and The Raven.
Caratacus appears in several volumes of Simon Scarrow's Eagle series, including Under the Eagle, The Eagle's Conquest, When the Eagle Hunts, The Eagle and the Wolves, The Eagle's Prey, Blood Crows and Brothers In Blood.
Caradoc is a main character in Manda Scott's series "Boudica" ("Dreaming the Eagle", "Dreaming the Bull", "Dreaming the Hound", "Dreaming the Serpent-Spear").
Caratach appears as a stage character in Harry Turtledove's alternate history novel Ruled Britannia. In this novel, a fictional version of William Shakespeare writes a play called Boudicca, which is almost identical to John Fletcher's Bonduca. In the book's afterword Turtledove acknowledges Fletcher's influence, but in the novel itself he mistakenly suggests that Caratach was depicted as Boudicca's man in Tacitus's Annals.
Caratacus is referenced in the Paradox Interactive video game Crusader Kings II in the form of bloodline inherited by some characters in the game, the "Bloodline of Caradog".
Caradog before Caesar in Rome is a painting by Ellis Owen Ellis (Ellis Bryn-Coch), a Welsh portrait painter who won a number of prizes in London art galleries after moving there in 1834.[36]
^John Creighton, Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain, Cambridge University Press, 2000; Philip de Jersey (1996), Celtic Coinage in Britain, Shire Archaeology
^ abCrummy, Philip (1997) City of Victory; the story of Colchester – Britain's first Roman town. Published by Colchester Archaeological Trust (ISBN1897719043)
^Todd, Malcolm. (1981) Roman Britain; 55BC – 400AD. Published by Fontana Paperbacks (ISBN0006337562)
^Jorit Wintjes (2020) 'On the side of a righteous vengeance' – Counterinsurgency operations in Roman Britain, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 31:5, 1108–1129, DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1764715
^Russell, Miles. (2006) Roman Sussex, pp. 33-43. Published by Tempus (ISBN0752436015)
^J. G. F. Hind, "A. Palutius' Campaign in Britain: An Alternative Reading of the Narrative in Cassius Dio (60.19.5–21.2)", Britannia Vol. 38 (2007), pp. 93–106)
^Crummy, Philip (1992) Colchester Archaeological Report 6: Excavations at Culver Street, the Gilberd School, and other sites in Colchester 1971–85. Published by Colchester Archaeological Trust (ISBN0-9503727-9-X)
^Crummy, Philip (1984) Colchester Archaeological Report 3: Excavations at Lion Walk, Balkerne Lane, and Middleborough, Colchester, Essex. Published by Colchester Archaeological Trust (ISBN0-9503727-4-9)
^Geoffrey of Monmouth, The History of the Kings of Britain, translated by Lewis Thorpe, 1973; Peter Roberts (trans), The Chronicle of the Kings of Britain, 1811
^This article formerly made reference to a passage of Dio Cassius that described Caratacus as a "barbarian Christian". This derived from a transcription error in the version of the Cary translation of Dio online on the Lacus Curtius website, which has now been corrected to read "barbarian chieftain" as per the print edition (Dio 61.33.3c). See also the Foster translation at Project Gutenberg, which also reads "barbarian chieftain".
^"We are, indeed, told that history has preserved the names of two British females, Claudia and Pomponia Graecina, both of them Christians, and both living in the first century of our era." Lingard, John, History and Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church, 2nd. ed. Newcastle, Walker, 1810 Vol. I., p1.
^Martial, Epigrams, XI:53 (ed. & trans. D. R. Shackleton Bailey, Harvard University Press, 1993)
^Baronius, Annales Ecclesiastici, Antwerp, 1614; Archbishop James Ussher (1637), British Ecclesiastical Antiquities, Oxford; Cardinal Michael Alford (1663), Annales Ecclesiae Britannicae: Regia Fides, Vol 1; Williams, J. (1848), contributor John Abraham, Claudia and Pudens, Herauld
^2 Timothy 4:21 – "Eubulus saluteth thee, and Pudens, and Linus, and Claudia, and all the brethren."
^George Jowett, The Drama of the Lost Disciples, Covenant Books, 1961
^"Hits of the World". Billboard. Vol. 76, no. 28. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 11 July 1964. ISSN0006-2510. Retrieved 10 December 2016 – via Google Books.
F.X. Soejitno Informasi pribadiLahir19 Desember 1942 (umur 81)Surabaya, Jawa TimurSuami/istriNy. M.M. Tilly SoejitnoAlma materAkademi Angkatan Udara (1965)Karier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan UdaraMasa dinas1965—1995Pangkat Marsekal MudaSatuanKorps Penerbang (Tempur)Sunting kotak info • L • B Marsekal Muda TNI (Purn) F.X. Soejitno (lahir 19 Desember 1942) adalah seorang purnawirawan perwira tinggi TNI-AU dengan jabatan terakhirnya Deputi KASAU ...
MaitripadaMaitrīguptaPersonalBornc. 1007 CEJhatakarani, Magadha (modern-day India) Diedc. 1085 CEReligionBuddhismSchoolVajrayana Part of a series onBuddhism Glossary Index Outline History Timeline The Buddha Pre-sectarian Buddhism Councils Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Decline in the Indian subcontinent Later Buddhists Buddhist modernism DharmaConcepts Four Noble Truths Noble Eightfold Path Dharma wheel Five Aggregates Impermanence Suffering Not-self Dependent Origination M...
British animal rights activist For other people named Ronnie Lee, see Ronald Lee (disambiguation). Ronnie LeeBorn1951 (age 72–73) Ronnie Lee (born 1951)[1] is a British animal rights activist. He is known primarily for being the Press Officer for the UK Animal Liberation Front (ALF) in 1976. He also founded the magazine Arkangel in 1989.[2] Founding the ALF Main article: Animal Liberation Front Lee was a member of the Hunt Saboteurs Association (HSA) in the 1970s, a...
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Henríquez and the second or maternal family name is González. Friar Camilo Henríquez Friar José Camilo Henríquez González (Spanish pronunciation: [kaˈmilo enˈrikeθ]; July 29, 1769 in Valdivia, Chile – March 16, 1825 in Santiago de Chile) was a priest, author, politician, and is considered an intellectual antecedent to and founding father of the Republic of Chile for his passionate leadership and influential ...
Pour l’article homonyme, voir Matelot (film). Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article adopte un point de vue culturel particulier sur le Canada et la France et nécessite une internationalisation (mai 2013). Merci de l'améliorer ou d'en discuter sur sa page de discussion ! Vous pouvez préciser les sections à internationaliser en utilisant {{section à internationaliser}}. Des matelots dans la mâture au milieu du XIXe siècl...
Education policy in New Brunswick, Canada Policy 713Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick Long title Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity CitationPolicy 713Territorial extentNew Brunswick, CanadaEnactedAugust 17, 2020Signed byDominic CardyAdministered byDepartment of Education and Early Childhood DevelopmentSummaryAddresses support for LGBT students in public schools Policy 713, also called the Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity policy, is an education policy of the province o...
尊敬的拿督赛夫丁阿都拉Saifuddin bin Abdullah国会议员馬來西亞国会下议院英迪拉马哥打现任就任日期2018年7月16日 (2018-07-16)前任法兹阿都拉曼(希盟公正党)多数票10,950(2018) 马来西亚外交部长任期2021年8月30日—2022年11月24日君主最高元首苏丹阿都拉首相依斯迈沙比里副职卡玛鲁丁查化(国盟土团党)前任希山慕丁(国阵巫统)继任赞比里(国阵巫统)任期2018年7月2�...
Хип-хоп Направление популярная музыка Истоки фанкдискоэлектронная музыкадабритм-энд-блюзреггидэнсхоллджаз[1]чтение нараспев[англ.]исполнение поэзииустная поэзияозначиваниедюжины[англ.]гриотыскэтразговорный блюз Время и место возникновения Начало 1970-х, Бронкс, Н...
2011 video gameInazuma Eleven StrikersEuropean cover artDeveloper(s)Level-5, ShadePublisher(s)JP: Level-5EU: NintendoComposer(s)Yasunori MitsudaNatsumi KameokaSeriesInazuma ElevenPlatform(s)WiiReleaseJP: July 16, 2011EU: September 28, 2012Genre(s)Role-playing, sportsMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Inazuma Eleven Strikers[1] is a 2011 role-playing and sports video game by Level-5. An entry in the Inazuma Eleven series, it was released for the Wii. This section is empty. You can help ...
هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (سبتمبر 2017) نادي هوريزونت تورنوفو تأسس عام 1950 البلد مقدونيا الشمالية الدوري الدوري...
Untuk yayasan kesehatan anak nirlaba, lihat Nemours Foundation. NemoursNemours Koordinat: 48°16′03″N 2°41′49″E / 48.2674265°N 2.6969719°E / 48.2674265; 2.6969719NegaraPrancisArondisemenFontainebleauKantonNemoursAntarkomunetidak ada pada 2007Pemerintahan • Wali kota (2008-2014) Valérie Lacroute (UMP) • Populasi112.898Kode INSEE/pos77333 / 2 Population sans doubles comptes: penghitungan tunggal penduduk di komune lain (e.g. mahas...
A triangulated torus Another triangulation of the torusA triangulated dolphin shape In mathematics, triangulation describes the replacement of topological spaces by piecewise linear spaces, i.e. the choice of a homeomorphism in a suitable simplicial complex. Spaces being homeomorphic to a simplicial complex are called triangulable. Triangulation has various uses in different branches of mathematics, for instance in algebraic topology, in complex analysis or in modeling. Motivation On the one ...
2020 في فلسطينمعلومات عامةالسنة 2020 البلد دولة فلسطين 2019 في فلسطين 2021 في فلسطين تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات تحتوي هذه المقالة على أهم الأحداث التي شهدتها دولة فلسطين في 2020، إضافة إلى أهم الشخصيات الفلسطينية المتوفية في هذه السنة. السياسة الرئيس: محمود عباس. رئيس مجل...
Ini adalah nama Korea; marganya adalah Seo. Seo Ha-joonGaon Chart K-POP Award Red Carpet, 2016Lahir19 September 1989 (umur 34)Seoul, Korea SelatanPekerjaanAktorTahun aktif2013-sekarangAgenSH EntertainmentNama KoreaHangul서하준 Alih AksaraSeo Ha-junMcCune–ReischauerSŏ Ha-chun Seo Ha-joon (lahir 19 September 1989) adalah aktor asal Korea Selatan.[1][2][3] Filmografi Serial televisi Tahun Judul Peran Jaringan 2013 Princess Aurora Seol Seol-hee MBC 2014 Onl...
Христос перед Каиафой, Маттиас Стом, начало 1630-х годов Еврейское богоубийство (лат. deicide[1], христоубийство[2]) — христианская религиозная концепция, согласно которой евреи предали смерти Иисуса Христа[1] и как народ будут вечно нести коллективную ответст�...
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Furlan. Cet article est une ébauche concernant un coureur cycliste italien. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?). Pour plus d’informations, voyez le projet cyclisme. Giorgio FurlanInformationsNaissance 9 mars 1966 (58 ans)TréviseNationalité italienneÉquipes amateurs 1986-1988Arredo House-ZG MobiliÉquipes professionnelles 1989Malvor-Sidi-Colnago1990Diana-Colnago-Animex1991-1993Ariostea1994-1995Gewiss-Ballan199...
Relief des Schaumbergs bei Tholey Nutzt man das gesamte Farbspektrum, um jeweils 100 Höhenmeter einer topografischen Karte einzufärben (wie zum Teil beim digitalen Geländemodell), entsteht ein ungewohntes Bild, das jedoch einen eindrucksvollen Blick auf das Höhenrelief der Erdoberfläche gestattet (hier Westalpen mit Vorland) Unter Relief (frz. für „das Hervorgehobene“) oder Georelief versteht man in der Geologie und Geographie die Oberflächengestalt der Erde, d. h. die Form de...
لوط بن هاران إطارٌ مُخطَّطٌ باسمِ نبي الله لوط مرفوق بالسلام عليه. نبي الله الولادة كالح الوفاة بني نعيم المهنة مزارع[1] مبجل(ة) في الإسلام، المسيحية، اليهودية شفيع(ة) قوم لوط الزوج(ة) امرأة لوط النسب لوط بن هاران بن آزر لوط، هو حسب وجهة النظر الإسلامية نبيٌّ من أنبياء ال�...