Cape sugarbird

Cape sugarbird
Male in South Africa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Promeropidae
Genus: Promerops
Species:
P. cafer
Binomial name
Promerops cafer
Synonyms

Merops cafer Linnaeus, 1758

The Cape sugarbird (Promerops cafer)[2] is one of the eight bird species endemic to the Fynbos biome of the Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa.[3]

Taxonomy

The Cape sugarbird was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with the bee-eaters in the genus Merops and coined the binomial name Merops cafer.[4][5] Linnaeus specified the type locality as Ethiopia but this was changed to the Cape of Good Hope by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.[5][6] The Cape sugarbird is now placed in the genus Promerops that was introduced for the species by Brisson in 1760.[7][8] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[8]

Description

The Cape sugarbird is a grey-brown bird that is easily recognisable by a spot of yellow under its tail and the very long tail feathers present in males. The male is 34–44 cm long, and the shorter-tailed, shorter-billed, and paler breasted female 25–29 cm long. Another characteristic of the Cape sugarbird is the sound it makes when it flies. The main flight feathers are arranged in such a way that when the bird beats its wings, a frrt-frrt sound is made with the intention of attracting females.[9]

Distribution and status

The Cape sugarbird is distributed throughout most of the fire driven ecosystem of the Fynbos in South Africa, the dominant vegetation type of the Cape Floral Region where there are flowering proteas and ericas. It is most common in areas that have not burnt recently, and almost absent from recently burnt areas.[10] It is also found in gardens in summer when most proteas are not in flower, but urban birds are associated with greater stress measures.[11] With a large population and extensive range,[10] the Cape sugarbird is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1]

Behaviour

Food and feeding

The Cape sugarbird is a specialist nectar feeder when it comes to feeding off Proteaceae. Its long, sharp beak is used to reach the nectar of a variety of species of protea with its long brush-tipped tongue. The staple diet of this sugarbird is nectar; however, it will also eat spiders and insects. The characteristic strong winds in the Cape may make feeding off protea heads difficult, but the Cape sugarbird has adapted to this with the development of sharp claws. [9]

Breeding

The breeding season for the Cape sugarbird is winter when food supplies are ample.[9] Breeding males set up territories in mature stands of Protea bushes, where they perform vocal displays.[12]

  • Cape sugarbird
    Cape sugarbird
  • Female in South Africa
    Female in South Africa
  • Male drinking nectar from a Protea cynaroides in South Africa
    Male drinking nectar from a Protea cynaroides in South Africa

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Promerops cafer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717447A94532363. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717447A94532363.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Note: the name "cafer" is Modern Latin for Caffer, an adjective meaning South African, or of South Africa (Caffraria). 
    Aasheesh Pittie. "A dictionary of scientific bird names originating from the Indian region". Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  3. ^ Wright D.R, Lee A.T.K. 2017. Bird -friendly Habitat Management Guidelines for the endemic birds of the Fynbos Biome. Johannesburg, South Africa: BirdLife South Africa.
  4. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 117.
  5. ^ a b Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1986). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 449.
  6. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 2. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. p. 462. The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
  7. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 34 Vol. 1, 460, Vol. 2.
  8. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, Elachura, hyliotas, wrens, gnatcatchers". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  9. ^ a b c Ian Sinclair; Phil Hockey & Warwick R. Tarboton (2002). SASOL Birds of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers. ISBN 1-86872-721-1.
  10. ^ a b Lee, A.T.K, Altwegg, R. & Barnard, P. 2017. Estimating conservation metrics from atlas data: the case of southern African endemic birds. Bird Conservation International.
  11. ^ Mackay, B.; Lee, A.T.K.; Barnard, P.; Møller, A.P.; Brown, M. (2017). "Urbanization, climate and ecological stress indicators in an endemic nectarivore, the Cape Sugarbird". Journal of Ornithology. 158 (4): 1013–1024. doi:10.1007/s10336-017-1460-9.
  12. ^ Lee, A.T.K.; Barnard, P.; Hockey, P.A. (2015). "Population metrics for fynbos birds, South Africa: densities, and detection and capture rates from a Mediterranean-type ecosystem". Ostrich. 86 (1–2): 179–187. doi:10.2989/00306525.2015.1021287.