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Canthium
	Canthium coromandelicum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Gentianales
Family:	Rubiaceae
Subfamily:	Dialypetalanthoideae
Tribe:	Vanguerieae
Genus:	Canthium; Lam.
Type species
	Canthium coromandelicum; (Burm.f.) Alston
Synonyms
	Clusiophyllea Baill.; Dondisia DC.; Lycioserissa Roem. & Schult.; Plectroniella Robyns (1928); Psilostoma Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Zeyh.;

Canthium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. They are shrubs and small trees. The leaves are deciduous and the stems are usually thorny.

Distribution

Canthium species were predominantly found in Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand and the Philippines.^[2] A small number of species was found in India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. Only a limited number of species were found on the African continent, especially in Southern and East Africa.^[3]

Taxonomy

Canthium was named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1785 in Encyclopédie Méthodique.^[4] The name is a latinisation of "kantankara", a Malayalam name from Kerala for Canthium coromandelicum. Kantan means "shining" and kara means "a spiny shrub".^[5] The biological type for the genus consists of specimens originally described by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck as Canthium parviflorum^[6] but this species is now included in Canthium coromandelicum.^[2] Canthium is a member of Vanguerieae, a tribe that is monophyletic and easily recognized morphologically, but in which generic boundaries were, for a long time, very unclear.^[7] Canthium was especially problematic, and until the 1980s, it was defined broadly and known to be polyphyletic. Psydrax was separated from it in 1985,^[8] as was Keetia in 1986.^[9] These were followed by Pyrostria and Multidentia in 1987.^[10]^[11] The subgenus Afrocanthium was raised to generic rank in 2004,^[12] followed by Bullockia in 2009.^[13] A few species were transferred to Canthium from Rytigynia and other genera in 2004.^[12] The genus was further reduced by the transfer of species to Peponidium and Pyrostria.^[14] In 2016, two Canthium species endemic to the Philippines were transferred to a genus of their own, Kanapia.^[15] The final circumscription of Canthium will remain in doubt until phylogenetic studies achieve greater resolution for the clade containing Canthium coromandelicum and its closest relatives.

Species

As of 2023^[update], Plants of the World Online recognises the following species:^[1]

Canthium aciculatum Ridl.
Canthium angustifolium Roxb.
Canthium arboreum Vidal
Canthium armatum (K.Schum.) Lantz
Canthium aurantiacum Merr. & L.M.Perry
Canthium berberidifolium Geddes
Canthium bipinnatum (Blanco) Merr.
Canthium brunneum (Merr.) Merr.
Canthium bugoyense (K.Krause) Lantz
Canthium calvum Craib
Canthium cambodianum Pit.
Canthium campanulatum Thwaites
Canthium cavaleriei H.Lév.
Canthium ciliatum (D.Dietr.) Kuntze
Canthium coffeoides Pierre ex Pit.
Canthium congestiflorum Ridl.
Canthium cordatum Dillwyn
Canthium coromandelicum (Brum.f.) Alston
Canthium depressinerve Ridl.
Canthium ellipticum (Merr.) Merr.
Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr.
Canthium ferrugineum Craib
Canthium filipendulum Pierre ex Pit.
Canthium fraternum Miq.
Canthium glaucum Hiern
Canthium gracilipes Kurz
Canthium hainanense (Merr.) Lantz
Canthium hirtellum Ridl.
Canthium hispidonervosum (De Wild.) C.M.Evrard
Canthium horridulum Craib
Canthium horridum Blume
Canthium inerme (L.f.) Kuntze
Canthium korthalsianum Miq.
Canthium kuntzeanum Bridson
Canthium laeve Teijsm. & Binn.
Canthium lasianthoides Miq.
Canthium libericum Dinkl.
Canthium longipes Geddes
Canthium lucidum R.Br.
Canthium macrocarpum Thwaites
Canthium malayense K.M.Wong
Canthium megacarpum (Merr.) Merr.
Canthium megistocarpum Merr. & L.M.Perry
Canthium merrillianum Mabb.
Canthium mite Bartl. ex DC.
Canthium molle King & Gamble
Canthium moluccanum Roxb.
Canthium oblongum (Valeton) Kaneh.
Canthium obscurum W.J.de Wilde & Duyfjes
Canthium oliganthum (Miq.) Boerl.
Canthium oligocarpum Hiern
Canthium parvifolium Roxb.
Canthium paucinervium (Merr.) Merr.
Canthium pedunculare Cav.
Canthium perakanthus ined.
Canthium polyanthum Miq.
Canthium puberulum Thwaites ex Hook.f.
Canthium quadratum Craib
Canthium rheedei DC.
Canthium sarcocarpum (Merr.) Merr.
Canthium sarmentosum Craib
Canthium scabridum Ridl.
Canthium scandens Blume
Canthium schlechterianum Merr. & L.M.Perry
Canthium simile Merr. & Chun
Canthium sordidum (K.Schum.) Bullock
Canthium spirostylum Miq.
Canthium stellulatum Craib
Canthium strigosum Craib
Canthium strychnoides Craib
Canthium subaureum Craib
Canthium subcapitatum (Merr.) Merr.
Canthium suberosum Codd
Canthium subsessilifolium (Merr.) Merr.
Canthium tavoyanum (R.Parker) Merr.
Canthium thonningii Benth.
Canthium travancoricum Bedd.
Canthium trichophorum Quisumb. & Merr.
Canthium umbelligerum Miq.
Canthium vanwykii Tilney & Kok
Canthium villarii Vidal
Canthium violaceum Zoll. & Moritzi

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Canthium". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b Bridson DM (1992). "The genus Canthium (Rubiaceae - Vanguerieae) in tropical Africa". Kew Bulletin. 47 (3): 353–401. Bibcode:1992KewBu..47..353B. doi:10.2307/4110569. JSTOR 4110569.
^ "Canthium in the World Checklist of Rubiaceae". Retrieved 8 November 2016.
^ Lamarck J-B (1785). Encyclopédie méthodique par ordre des matières. Vol. 1. p. 602.
^ Quattrocchi U (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. 1. Boca Raton, New York, Washington DC, London: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2.
^ Canthium In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile
^ Lantz H, Bremer B (2005). "Phylogeny of the complex Vanguerieae (Rubiaceae) genera Fadogia, Rytigynia, and Vangueria with close relatives and a new circumscription of Vangueria". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 253 (1–4): 159–183. Bibcode:2005PSyEv.253..159L. doi:10.1007/s00606-005-0313-9. S2CID 30867982.
^ Bridson DM (1985). "The reinstatement of Psydrax (Rubiaceae, subfam. Cinchonoideae tribe Vanguerieae) and a revision of the African species". Kew Bulletin. 40 (4): 687–725. Bibcode:1985KewBu..40..687B. doi:10.2307/4109853. JSTOR 4109853.
^ Bridson DM (1986). "The reinstatement of the African genus Keetia (Rubiaceae subfam. Cinchonoideae tribe Vanguerieae)". Kew Bulletin. 41 (4): 965–994. Bibcode:1986KewBu..41..965B. doi:10.2307/4102996. JSTOR 4102996.
^ Bridson DM (1987). "Studies in African Rubiaceae - Vanguerieae: a new circumscription of Pyrostria and a new subgenus, Canthium subgen. Bullockia". Kew Bulletin. 47 (3): 611–639. Bibcode:1987KewBu..42..611B. doi:10.2307/4110068. JSTOR 4110068.
^ Bridson DM (1987). "The recognition and recircumscription of the African genus Multidentia (Rubiaceae - Vanguerieae)". Kew Bulletin. 47 (3): 641–654. Bibcode:1987KewBu..42..641B. doi:10.2307/4110069. JSTOR 4110069.
^ ^a ^b Lantz H, Bremer B (2004). "Phylogeny inferred from morphology and DNA data: characterizing well-supported groups in Vanguerieae (Rubiaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 146 (3): 257–283. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00338.x.
^ Razafimandimbison SG, Lantz H, Mouly A, Bremer B (2009). "Evolutionary trends, major lineages, and new generic limits in the dioecious group of the tribe Vanguerieae (Rubiaceae): insights into the evolution of functional dioecy". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 96 (1): 161–181. doi:10.3417/2006191. S2CID 86065468.
^ Kainulainen K, Razafimandimbison SG (2016). "New taxonomic combinations in West Indian Ocean Vanguerieae (Rubiaceae)". Phytotaxa. 282 (4): 267–272. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.282.4.3.
^ Arriola AH, Paraguison LD, Alejandro GJ (2016). "Kanapia (Vanguerieae): a new endemic genus of Philippine Rubiaceae". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 302 (7): 911–920. Bibcode:2016PSyEv.302..911A. doi:10.1007/s00606-016-1307-5. S2CID 14815565.