Cache manifest in HTML5

This article is about obsolete technology for making web pages accessible offline. For regular HTTP cache, see Web cache. For modern technology for creating offline apps, see Progressive web application.
Filename extension
.appcache
Internet media type
text/cache-manifest
Developed byWorld Wide Web Consortium
StandardHTML5
Open format?Yes
Websitehtml.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/browsers.html#offline

The cache manifest in HTML5 was a software storage feature which provided the ability to access a web application even without a network connection. It became part of the W3C Recommendation on 28 October 2014.[1]

Since 2021, this technology is no longer widely available. It was removed from Firefox 85,[2] and disabled by default in Chrome 84 and removed in Chrome 95.[3] Using any of the offline Web application features at this time is highly discouraged and use of service workers is recommended instead.[4] Cache manifests are distinct from web application manifests, a JSON-based file format which is part of the progressive web app technology, and as of 2023 is currently active and going through the standardization process at the W3C.[5]

Background

Web applications consist of web pages that need to be downloaded from a network. For this to happen there must be a network connection. However, there are many instances when users cannot connect to a network due to circumstances beyond their control. HTML5 provides the ability to access the web application even without a network connection using the cache manifest.

Web applications consist of resources identified by URLs. These can be HTML, CSS, JavaScript, images or any other source that is required for a web application to be rendered. Their addresses can be copied into a manifest file, which can be updated regularly by the author of the web application, indicating any new web addresses that are added or deleted. When connecting to a network for the first time, a web browser will read the HTML5 manifest file, download the resources given and store them locally. Then, in the absence of a network connection, the web browser will shift to the local copies instead and render the web application offline.

Basics

In order for the offline applications to work, a cache manifest file must be created by the web developer. If the web application exceeds more than one page then each page must have a manifest attribute that points to the cache manifest. Every page referencing the manifest will be stored locally.[6] The cache manifest file is a text file located in another part of the server. It must be served with content type text/cache-manifest[7]

The attribute manifest="<path>" must be added to the html element in order for the cache manifest file to work.[7] Example: 

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html manifest="cache.appcache">
  <body>
    …
  </body>
</html>

The argument to the manifest attribute is a relative or absolute path to the manifest file.

Consider the HTML file given below. The <html> element indicates a file named cache.appcache will contain the list of resources (i.e., test.js, test.css) needed for this web page to work offline. Common names for this file are cache.manifest and manifest.appcache. 

<!—- test.html -->
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html manifest="cache.appcache">
<head>
  <title>Test</title>
  <script src="test.js"></script>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="test.css">
</head>
<body>
  Testing the manifest file.
</body>
</html>

Syntax

The manifest file must start with the line CACHE MANIFEST. Comments start with a #, spaces and blank lines are ignored.[8]

Given below is an example of a cache manifest file.

Example 1: 

CACHE MANIFEST 
/test.css
/test.js
/test.png

This manifest file lists three resources: a CSS file, a JavaScript file and a PNG image. When the above file is loaded, the browser will download the test.css, test.js and test.png files from the root directory in the web server.[7] As a result, whenever one's network is not connected, the resources will be available to them offline.

Cache manifests can also use relative paths or even absolute URLs as shown below.[8][9][10]

Example 2: 

CACHE MANIFEST
/main/features.js
/main/settings/index.css
http://files/images/scene.jpg
http://files/images/world.jpg

File headers

The cache manifest file consists of three section headers.[7]

  1. Explicit section with the header CACHE.
  2. Online whitelist section with the header NETWORK.
  3. Fallback section with the header FALLBACK.

Note: Example 1 and Example 2 above, do not indicate any section header and are therefore considered an explicit section by default.

Online whitelist section with the header NETWORK

Example 3: 

CACHE MANIFEST 
NETWORK: 
/checking.cgi
CACHE:
/test.css
/test.js
/test.png

This example consists of headers. The line, NETWORK: is the start of the "online whitelist" section. The resources listed under this section are never cached and are not available offline.[7] As a result, an error will occur when an attempt is made offline to load the resource.

There is a shift to the explicit section by the header CACHE: and the resources (the CSS stylesheet, JavaScript and the image file) can be downloaded and used offline.

Fallback section with the header FALLBACK

The fallback section in a cache manifest file can be used to substitute online resources that cannot be cached or were not cached successfully.[7]

Example 4: 

CACHE MANIFEST
FALLBACK:
/ /offline.html 
NETWORK:
…

In Example 4, the fallback section consists of a single line. i.e., / /offline.html. The single character (/) before ‘offline’ will match any URL pattern on one's site.[7] If the browser does not find the page in the appcache, the application will display the page /offline.html.

Event flow

Events are under the ApplicationCache JavaScript object.

If the browser visits a web page, has NOT seen the web page before and as a result does not recognize the manifest file, the following events will ensue.[8]

  • Checking Event - occurs when the browser visits a web page and reads the manifest attribute on the <html> element.
  • Downloading Event - it will download all the resources given in the manifest file.
  • Progress Event - contains information of how many files have been downloaded and how many files are left to be downloaded.
  • Cached Event - occurs once all the files have been downloaded and the offline web application is equipped to be used offline.

If the browser has visited the web page before and recognizes the manifest file the following events will ensue.[8]

  • Noupdate Event - this will take place if the cache manifest has not changed.
  • Downloading Event - if the cache manifest has changed the resources the files will be downloaded again.
  • Progress Event - this contains information of how many files have been downloaded and how many files are left to be downloaded.
  • Updateready Event - after the re-downloading is complete, this event is triggered, indicating that the new offline version is ready to be used.

If an error occurs at any instance in the above events, the browser will trigger an error event and stop the process. Given below are a few errors that can occur when re-downloading resources.[9]

  • Page Not Found (HTTP error 404) or Page Permanently Gone (HTTP error 410).
  • Failure to download the HTML page that pointed to the manifest.[7]
  • The cache manifest changed while the update occurred.[7]
  • The cache manifest was changed but the browser did not download a resource in the manifest.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Application cache as part of the W3C Recommendation". 28 October 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  2. ^ "Using the application cache - HTML: HyperText Markup Language | MDN". developer.mozilla.org. Archived from the original on 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
  3. ^ "Preparing for AppCache removal". web.dev. Archived from the original on 2020-05-20. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
  4. ^ "Window.applicationCache". MDN Web Docs. Mozilla. Archived from the original on 2023-05-02. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  5. ^ "Web Application Manifest". www.w3.org. Retrieved 2023-04-09.
  6. ^ Bidelman, Eric (29 October 2013). "A Beginner's Guide to Using the Application Cache". Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Pilgrim, Mark (2010). HTML5 Up and Running. O'Reilley. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2018-11-16.
  8. ^ a b c d "W3 HTML5 Manifests". HTML5. Archived from the original on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  9. ^ a b "Dev.Opera". HTML5. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  10. ^ "WHATWG". HTML5. Archived from the original on 14 April 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.