British Iraqis

British Iraqis
Total population
United Kingdom Iraqi-born residents in the United Kingdom: 93,285
(2021/22 census)[note 1]
 England: 86,229 (2021)[1]
 Scotland: 3,683 (2022)[2]
 Wales: 3,164 (2021)[1]
Northern Ireland: 209 (2021)[3]
Previous estimates:
32,236 (2001 census)
75,295 (2011 censuses for England & Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland combined)
58,000 (2020 ONS estimate)
Other estimates
350,000–450,000 (2007 Iraqi embassy estimate)
Regions with significant populations
London, Birmingham, Manchester, Cardiff and Glasgow
Languages
Mesopotamian Arabic and British English,
also Kurdish (Sorani, Feyli and Kurmanji dialects), Turkish (Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects), and Neo-Aramaic (Suret, and Mandaic)
Religion
Islam (Shia and Sunni), Christianity (Syriac Christianity and Eastern Catholicism), Mandaeism, Judaism
Related ethnic groups
Arab British, Iraqi Americans, Iraqi Australians British Assyrians, British Iranian, Lebanese British, British Jews, Turkish British
  1. ^ Does not include ethnic Iraqis born in the United Kingdom or those with Iraqi ancestry
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British Iraqis are British citizens who originate from Iraq.

The three main ethnicities within the British Iraqi community are Arabs, Kurds and Turkmen, according to a publication by the International Organization for Migration.[4] There are also smaller Assyrian, Mandaean and Yazidi communities.[5][6]

History

The UK has had a significant Iraqi population since the late 1940s.[7] Refugees including liberal and radical intellectuals dissatisfied with the monarchist regime moved to the UK at this time. Supporters of the monarchy subsequently fled to the UK after it was overthrown.[7] According to an International Organization for Migration mapping exercise, many settled Iraqi migrants in the UK moved for educational purposes or to seek a better life in the 1950s and 1960s. Some members of religious minorities were also forced to leave Iraq in the 1950s.[4] Other Iraqis migrated to the UK to seek political asylum during the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein, with large number of Kurds and Shi'a Muslims in particular migrating in the 1970s and 1980s,[8] or as a result of the instability that followed the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[4]

In the six-year period between 2018 and 2023, 15,392 Iraqi nationals entered the United Kingdom by crossing the English Channel using small boats – the third most common nationality of all small boat arrivals.[9][10]

Demographics

Population size

The 2001 UK census recorded 32,236 Iraqi-born residents.[11] The 2011 UK census recorded 70,426 Iraqi-born residents in England, 2,548 in Wales,[12] 2,246 in Scotland [13] and 75 in Northern Ireland.[14] The Office for National Statistics estimates that, as of 2020, the UK-wide figure was around 58,000.[15]

According to estimates by the Iraqi embassy in 2007, the Iraqi population in the UK was around 350,000–450,000.[16] At the time of the Iraqi parliamentary election in January 2005, the International Herald Tribune suggested that 250,000 Iraqi exiles were living in the UK, with an estimated 150,000 eligible to vote.[17]

Population distribution

According to community leaders in March 2007, there are around 150,000 Iraqis in London, 35,000 in Birmingham, 18,000 in Manchester, 8,000 in Cardiff and 5,000 in Glasgow.[16]

Ethnicity

According to the International Organization for Migration, the three largest ethnic groups in the British Iraqi community are Arabs, Iraqi Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen.[4] In particular, the Kurds form the most numerous of these ethnic groups.[4] Moreover, they also form the largest Kurdish community in the UK, exceeding the numbers from Turkey and Iran.[18]

There are also sizeable numbers of Assyrians,[19] Armenians, Mandaeans[6] and other ethnic groups, such as Iraqi Jews, Yezidi, Shabakis and Kawliya.[citation needed]

According to the 2011 census, Iraqi-born England and Wales residents most commonly gave their ethnicity as Arab (39%), "any other ethnic group" (28%) and Asian (17%).[20]

Religion

Although the majority of Iraqis are Muslim (Shia and Sunni), there are also minority religions including Christians, Jews,[4] and followers of Mandaeism,[6] Yazidism, Shabakism and Yarsan.

Notable individuals

Main article: List of British Iraqis
Dame Zaha Hadid DBE RA, British-Iraqi architect.

Notable Iraqi names in Britain include:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Country of birth (extended)". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  2. ^ "Table UV204 - Country of birth: Country by Country of Birth by Individuals". National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 24 May 2024. '2022' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Country of birth: UV204'
  3. ^ "MS-A18: Country of birth - full detail". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e f International Organization for Migration (2007). "Iraq: Mapping exercise" (PDF). London: International Organization for Migration. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  5. ^ International Organization for Migration 2007, 22.
  6. ^ a b c Crawford, Angus (19 October 2008). "Mandaeans - a threatened religion". BBC News. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  7. ^ a b Change Institute (April 2009). "The Iraqi Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities" (PDF). London: Communities and Local Government. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  8. ^ Ansari, Humayun (2004). The Infidel Within: Muslims in Britain since 1800. London: C. Hurst & Co. pp. 162–163. ISBN 1-85065-685-1.
  9. ^ "Official Statistics: Irregular migration to the UK, year ending December 2022". gov.uk. Home Office. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  10. ^ "Statistics relating to the Illegal Migration Act: data tables to December 2023". gov.uk. Home Office. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  11. ^ "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  12. ^ "2011 Census: QS203EW Country of birth (detailed), local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2019
  13. ^ "Country of birth (detailed)" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 10 October 2019
  14. ^ 2011_Excel/2011/QS206NI.xls "Country of Birth – Full Detail: QS206NI"[dead link‍]. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency.. Retrieved 10 October 2019
  15. ^ "Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom by country of birth and sex, January 2020 to December 2020". Office for National Statistics. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95% confidence intervals.
  16. ^ a b International Organization for Migration 2007, 6.
  17. ^ Davey, Monica (19 January 2005). "Iraqis far from home sign up to vote". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  18. ^ Communities and Local Government (2009), The Iraqi Muslim Community in England: Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities, Communities and Local Government, p. 35, ISBN 978-1-4098-1263-0, archived from the original on 2012-09-19
  19. ^ "Assyriac: Denied in Its Own Homeland, but Accepted in England". www.bethsuryoyo.com.
  20. ^ "2011 Census Analysis: Ethnicity and Religion of the Non-UK Born Population in England and Wales" (PDF). nationalarchives.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics. 2015-06-18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-05.
  21. ^ "Iraqi Community Association". Refugee Stories. Refugee Community History Project. Archived from the original on 12 September 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  22. ^ Professor Jim Al-Khalili OBE [1], Profile, University of Surrey.
  23. ^ "INEED, RESPECT, TRUST - The memoir of a vision by Nemir Kirdar". Investcorp. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019. Nemir Kirdar...now a British citizen, he was born in Iraq but left the country after the military coup of 1958.

Further reading

  • Abu Haidar, Farida (2002). "Arabic and English in conflict: Iraqis in the UK". In Rouchdy, Aleya (ed.). Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic: Variations on a Sociolinguistic Theme. London: Routledge. pp. 286–296. ISBN 9780203037218.
  • Hintjens, Helen (2012). "Nowhere to run: Iraqi asylum seekers in the UK". Race & Class. 54 (2): 88–99. doi:10.1177/0306396812454981. S2CID 144953502.