Bowen's reaction series

Discontinuous
Series
(Mafic minerals)		Continuous
Series
(Felsic minerals)		High
OlivinePlagioclase
(Calcium rich)
Pyroxene
Amphibole
Biotite
(Black Mica)		Plagioclase
(Sodium rich)		Relative
Crystallization
Temperature
Orthoclase
(K-feldspar)
Muscovite
(White Mica)
Quartz
(Felsic mineral)
Low

Within the field of geology, Bowen's reaction series is the work of the Canadian petrologist Norman L. Bowen,[1] who summarized, based on experiments and observations of natural rocks, the sequence of crystallization of common silicate minerals from typical basaltic magma undergoing fractional crystallization (i.e. crystallization wherein early-formed crystals are removed from the magma by crystal settling, leaving behind a liquid of slightly different composition).[2][3] Bowen's reaction series is able to explain why certain types of minerals tend to be found together while others are almost never associated with one another. He experimented in the early 1900s with powdered rock material that was heated until it melted and then allowed to cool to a target temperature whereupon he observed the types of minerals that formed in the rocks produced. He repeated this process with progressively cooler temperatures and the results he obtained led him to formulate his reaction series which is still accepted today as the idealized progression of minerals produced by cooling basaltic magma that undergoes fractional crystallization. Based upon Bowen's work, one can infer from the minerals present in a rock the relative conditions under which the material had formed.[4]

Description

Olivine weathering to iddingsite within a mantle xenolith, demonstrating the principles of the Goldich dissolution series
Bowen's reaction series

The series is divided into two branches, the continuous (felsic minerals: feldspars) and the discontinuous (mafic minerals). The minerals at the top of the illustration (given aside) are first to crystallize and so the temperature gradient can be read to be from high to low with the high-temperature minerals being on the top and the low-temperature ones on the bottom. The branch on the right of the illustration is the continuous one (with continuous solid solutions of felsic minerals) and results in progressively sodium-rich plagioclase at lowering temperatures. In the discontinuous series mafic minerals such as olivine will first crystallize at a higher temperature, as magma cools. However, if they are not precipitated (settled) out, the composition of the magma does not change and as the magma further cools the olivine will recrystallise as pyroxene.

Since the surface of the Earth is a low temperature environment compared to the zones of rock formation, the chart also reflects the relative stability of minerals, with the ones at bottom being most stable and the ones at top being quickest to weather, known as the Goldich dissolution series. This is because minerals are most stable in the temperature and pressure conditions closest to those under which they had formed.

References

  1. ^ Tilley, C. E. (1957). "Norman Levi Bowen 1887-1956". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3: 6–26. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0002. JSTOR 769349. S2CID 73262622.
  2. ^ Bowen, N.L. (1956). The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks. Canada: Dover. pp. 60–62.
  3. ^ Bowen, N. L. (1922). "The Reaction Principle in Petrogenesis". The Journal of Geology. 30 (3): 177–198. doi:10.1086/622871.
  4. ^ Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius S. Hurlbut, Jr., Manual of Mineralogy, Wiley, 20th ed. 1985, p. 476 ISBN 0-471-80580-7

Read other articles:

Decretum laudis

Bagian dari seri tentangHukum KanonikGereja Katolik Hukum Mutakhir Kitab Hukum Kanonik 1983 Omnium in mentem Kitab Hukum Kanon Gereja-Gereja Timur Ad tuendam fidem Ex Corde Ecclesiae Indulgentiarum Doctrina Pastor Bonus Pontificalis Domus Universi Dominici Gregis Consuetudo Sejarah Hukum Kitab Hukum Kanonik 1917 Corpus Iuris Canonici Dekretis Regulæ Iuris Decretales Gregorii IX Dekretalis Decretum Gratiani Extravagantes Liber Septimus Tata Tertib Gereja Purba Didakhe Konstitusi Apostolik Kan...

 

 

Pierre Billon (auteur-compositeur)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Pierre Billon et Billon. Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne s'appuie pas, ou pas assez, sur des sources secondaires ou tertiaires (mars 2010). Pour améliorer la vérifiabilité de l'article ainsi que son intérêt encyclopédique, il est nécessaire, quand des sources primaires sont citées, de les associer à des analyses faites par des sources secondaires. Pierre BillonPierre Billon en 2017, lor...

 

 

كأس هولندا 2005–06

كأس هولندا 2005–06 تفاصيل الموسم كأس هولندا  النسخة 88  البلد هولندا  المنظم الاتحاد الملكي الهولندي لكرة القدم  البطل أياكس أمستردام  عدد المشاركين 87   كأس هولندا 2004–05  كأس هولندا 2006–07  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   كأس هولندا 2005–06 (بالهولندية: KNVB beker 2005/06)‏ هو ا...

Daftar juara Kejuaraan Bulu Tangkis Inggris Terbuka Ganda Campuran

Berikut ini adalah daftar pemenang All England di nomor ganda campuran. Pada sekitar tahun 1915-1919 turnamen All England dihentikan sementara dikarenakan adanya Perang Dunia I. Selain itu, antara tahun 1940-1946 All England sempat dihentikan sementara dikarenakan adanya Perang Dunia II. Tahun Juara Peringkat Kedua Skor 1899 D. Oakes/Daisey St. John W. L. Lincoln/Collins 1900 D. Oakes/Daisey St. John H. L. Mellersh/Meriel Lucas 1901 F. S. Collier/E. M. Stawell-Brown Stewart Marsden Massey/Cam...

 

 

Австрия

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Австрия (значения). Австрийская Республиканем. Republik Österreich Флаг Герб Гимн: «Land der Berge, Land am Strome»«Край гор, страна потоков» Расположение Австрии (тёмно-зелёный):— в Европе (светло-зелёный и тёмно-серый)— в Европейском союзе (...

 

 

More Rubbish

2016 studio album by Buddy GoodeMore RubbishStudio album by Buddy GoodeReleased16 December 2016Length29:04LabelGoode Times Music, ABC MusicBuddy Goode chronology Songs to Ruin Every Occasion(2015) More Rubbish(2016) More Rubbish is the sixth studio album by Michael Carr's comedy character Buddy Goode. It was released on 16 December 2016 both digitally and on CD.[1] The album was launched at the Rooty Hill RSL on 17 December 2016.[2] On 4 October 2017, it was announced...

Naz-Sciaves

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une localité italienne et le Trentin-Haut-Adige. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Naz-Sciaves Noms Nom allemand atz-Schabs Administration Pays Italie Région Trentin-Haut-Adige  Province Bolzano   Code postal 39040 Code ISTAT 021057 Code cadastral F856 Préfixe tel. 0472 Démographie Gentilé natzsciavesini Population 3 354 hab. (1er jan...

 

 

Muscolo semimembranoso

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento anatomia non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Le informazioni riportate non sono consigli medici e potrebbero non essere accurate. I contenuti hanno solo fine illustrativo e non sostituiscono il parere medico: leggi le avvertenze. Muscolo semimembranosoIl mu...

 

 

Undang-Undang Pornografi

Undang-Undang PornografiNama lainUU PornografiNama panjangUndang-Undang Nomor 44 Tahun 2008 Tentang PornografiDisahkan olehDewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik IndonesiaTanggal mulai berlaku26 November 2008 Undang-Undang PornografiTanggal pengesahan30 Oktober 2008Sejarah legislatifUURUU Antipornografi dan PornoaksiRUU PornografiUU diterbitkan pada14 Februari 2006 RUU APP menyulut kontroversi Wikisumber memiliki naskah asli yang berkaitan dengan artikel ini: Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia N...

Maurice Maunoury

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Maunoury. Maurice MaunouryMaurice Maunoury, ministre de l'Intérieur (1923).FonctionsMinistre de l'IntérieurGouvernement Raymond Poincaré II15 janvier 1922 - 29 mars 1924Pierre MarraudJustin de SelvesDéputé françaisDouzième législature de la Troisième République françaiseEure-et-Loir16 novembre 1919 - 31 mai 1924Henri Joseph TriballetMinistre des ColoniesGouvernement Alexandre Ribot IV9 - 13 juin 1914Armand GauthierArmand GauthierDéputé français...

 

 

International Women's Open 1978

International Women's Open 1978 Sport Tennis Data 19 giugno – 24 giugno Edizione 4a Superficie Erba Campioni Singolare Martina Navrátilová Doppio Chris Evert / Betty Stöve 1976 1979 L'International Women's Open 1978 è stato un torneo di tennis giocato sull'erba. È stata la 4ª edizione del torneo di Eastbourne, che fa parte del WTA Tour 1978. Si è giocato a Eastbourne in Inghilterra, dal 19 al 24 giugno 1978. Indice 1 Campionesse 1.1 Singolare 1.2 Doppio 2 Collegamenti esterni Campio...

 

 

Ellen Weiss

American journalist Ellen WeissBorn (1959-01-30) January 30, 1959 (age 65)Westchester, New YorkAlma materSmith CollegeOccupationJournalistSpouse David Saperstein ​(m. 1987)​ Ellen Weiss and the Scripps DC Investigative team at the 74th Annual Peabody Awards for their story “Under the Radar,” an investigative series exposing problems when convicted military sex offenders return to civilian life. Ellen Weiss (born January 30, 1959) is an American journ...

Aleksei Stukalov

Russian football coach (born 1983) Aleksei Stukalov Алексей Стукалов Stukalov coaching FC Ufa in 2021Personal informationFull name Aleksei Borisovich StukalovDate of birth (1983-11-24) 24 November 1983 (age 40)Place of birth Stavropol, Russian SFSRManagerial careerYears Team2005–2007 SDYuShOR-63 Smena Moscow (academy)2009–2015 FC Khimki (academy)2013–2015 FC Khimki-M (assistant)2015–2016 FC Khimki (assistant)2016 FC Khimki-M2016 FC Baltika Kaliningrad (assistant)20...

 

 

Chinese nationality law

History and regulations of Chinese citizenship This article is about nationality law in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau. For regulations applicable to Taiwan, see Taiwanese nationality law. Nationality Law of the People's Republic of ChinaNational People's CongressTerritorial extentPeople's Republic of China (including Hong Kong and Macau)Enacted by5th National People's CongressEnactedSeptember 10, 1980EffectiveSeptember 10, 1980Related legislationNationality Act (Republic of China)...

 

 

Andy Yan

In this Chinese name, the family name is Yan. Cheuk Wai YanYan in 2023Nationality Hong KongerBorn (1983-10-21) 21 October 1983 (age 40)British Hong KongTCR Asia Series careerDebut season2015Current teamFRD HK RacingCar number63Starts3Previous series2011-15CTCCChampionship titlesCTCCTCR Asia SeriesTCR China Series2011, 2013 & 20152016 [1]2017[2] Cheuk Wai Andy Yan (Chinese: 甄卓偉; born 21 October 1983) is a Hong Kong racing driver currently competing in t...

Akishibu-kei

Cultural and musical trend of the 2000s This article may document a neologism or protologism in such a manner as to promote it. Please add more reliable sources to establish its current use and the impact the term has had on its field. Otherwise consider renaming or deleting the article. (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Akishibu-keiAkihabara in 2007Native nameアキシブ系Stylistic origins Shibuya-kei[1] Akiba-kei[1] lounge[2] Cultural origins...

 

 

Kelenteng Xiao Yi Shen Tang

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Klenteng Dharma Bakti (Xiao Yi Shen Tang)Informasi umumLokasi Kabupaten Kubu Raya, Kalimantan BaratAlamatLaut Kabupaten Kubu Raya, Kalimantan BaratMulai dibangun1969 Xiao Yi Shen Tang (Hanzi=孝意神堂) atau Klenteng Dharma Bakti adalah sebuah kelent...

 

 

United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic

This article is about the overall UK response to the COVID-19 pandemic. For other uses, see United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic (disambiguation). Actions by the United Kingdom regarding the COVID-19 pandemic For broader coverage of this topic, see COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. Part of a series on theCOVID-19 pandemicScientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each ball is an atom. COVID-19 (disease) SARS-CoV-2 (virus) Cases Deaths Tim...

Postage stamps and postal history of the Netherlands Antilles

This article is about the postal area called Curaçao or Netherlands Antilles when representing five or six islands. For the current postal region called Curaçao (representing only the island itself), see Postage stamps and postal history of Curaçao. This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of the postal areas Netherlands Antilles as well as its predecessor Curaçao. The area consisted of the islands Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius (now part of the Netherlands as postal a...

 

 

Laksatif

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) dan larutan elektrolit digunakan sebagai laksatif untuk membersihkan usus sebelum kolonoskopi atau operasi kolon. Laksatif atau pencahar adalah makanan atau obat-obatan yang diminum untuk membantu mengatasi sembelit dengan membuat kotoran bergerak dengan mudah di usus. Dalam operasi pembedahan, obat ini juga diberikan kepada pasien untuk membersihkan usus sebelum operasi dilakukan. Laksatif merupakan obat bebas. obat yang biasanya digunakan untuk mengatasi konstipasi...